PSYCH 105 Chapter 16 Part 1

treatment

therapy; to change maladaptive thoughts, feelings, behaviours through the relationship between the client and therapist; involves resources such as: psychologists, psychiatrists (prescribe meds), psychiatric social workers, marriage and family counsellors, pastoral counsellors, abuse counsellors 

anxiety and depression

most common reason for treatment; long delays until treatment is sought and half of those who seek mental health services do not have a diagnosable problem

types of treatments

• Insight therapies; help the client understand themselves better (“Talk therapy”)

• Behaviour therapies (Changing overt behaviour)

• Biomedical therapies (Biological functioning interventions - often via drugs)

psychodynamic theories

based on Freudian principles; goal: help patients achieve insight (conscious awareness of psychodynamics underlying problems (adjusts behaviour underlying problems learned in childhood

free association

a form of psychoanalysis; Uncensored conversation where verbal reports of thoughts, feelings, or images that enter awareness without censorship

dream interpretation

a form of psychoanalysis; Therapist helps client understand the symbolic meaning of their dreams

resistance

during psychoanalysis defensive maneuvers that hinder process of therapy; a sign that anxiety-arousing material is being approached

transference

during psychoanalysis when a client responds irrationally to therapist like they were an important figure from client’s past; this brings out repressed feelings and maladaptive behaviours; Positive: affection, dependency, love or Negative: irrational expressions of anger, hatred, disappointment

interpretation 

Statements by therapist which provide client with insight into behaviour; Time consuming as client must arrive at ‘insight’

brief psychodynamic therapies

more economical which focus on maladaptive past influences and employ psychoanalytic concept in focused, active fashion - often ten sessions (as studies have shown that most individuals make the most progress in first ten sessions)

interpersonal therapy

focus on client’s current relationships with important people in their lives; brief

humanistic psychotherpies

focuses on personal responsibility (humans have conscious control of behaviour) and disordered behaviour (function of distorted perceptions, lack of awareness, and negative self-image)

client-centered therapy

Carl Rogers (person-centered therapy); focused on making a therapeutic environment and believed that all therapists should have these: unconditional positive regard (acceptance of clients without judgment/evaluation), empathy (viewing the world through the client’s eyes), and genuineness (consistency between the therapists feelings and behaviours)

Gestalt therapy 

Goal: Bring feelings, wishes, and thoughts into awareness and make client “whole” again; Methods: Often carried out in groups, more active and dramatic approaches than client-centered approaches, and role-play

Cognitive therapies

Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis; focused on the role of irrational and self-defeating thought patterns/help clients discover and change cognitions that underlie problems

rational emotive therapy

(ABCD); activating event, belief sytem, consequences (emotional and behavioural), and disputing or challenging maladaptive emotions or behaviours

Becks cognitive therapy 

believed that maladaptive behaviour came from irrational beliefs (ideas underlie maladaptive responses and points out errors of thinking); help clients identify and reprogram ‘automated’ thought patterns 

behaviour therapies

believes that maladaptive behaviours are the probllem and not a symptom (problem behaviours are learned and therefore can be unlearned through classical and operant conditioning modeling)

classical conditioning

learning to associate two events (eg. Pavlog’s dogs)

exposure 

classical conditioning; Treat phobias through exposure to feared CS in the absence of UCS and response prevention used to keep the operant avoidance response from occurring

flooding

classical conditioning; exposed to real-life stimuli

implosion

classical conditioning; imagine scenes involving stimuli

systematic desensitization 

classical conditioning; Learning-based treatment for anxiety disorders and eliminate anxiety through counterconditioning

• Steps: 1)Train muscle relaxation skills (Anxiety & relaxation cannot co-exist) 2) Stimulus hierarchy (Low-anxiety to high-anxiety scenes (10-15)) 3)Relaxation & progressive association with stimulus hierarchy

in-vivo desensitization

classical conditioning; Controlled exposure to ‘real life’ situations; Creates more anxiety during treatment than systematic desensitization but anxiety may reduce more quickly

aversion therapy

classical conditioning; condition an aversion to a CS (eg. alcohol - stimulus triggering maladaptive behaviour) and CS paried with noxious UCS

operant conditioning treatments 

(behaviour modification); uses positive reinforcement (to increase), extinction, negative reinforcement (to increase), or punishment (to decrease) in attempt to increase or reduce behaviour; successful when traditional therapies are difficult to implement (eg. profoundly disturbed children, developmental disabilities)