A and EA Final chapters 10-13

Comprehensive high school curriculum

Includes subjects such as reading, math, science, social studies, physical education, art, and music.

Career pathways in Europe

Students identify career paths earlier, typically around age 15-16, with education systems categorized into college, vocational, and professional.

Barriers to education in developing countries

issues include inadequate funding and educational discrepancies.

School size and student outcomes

Optimal school size ranges from 500-1000; class sizes of 20-40 have no significant effect on student outcomes.

School start times and adolescent well-being

Later start times is best for adolescents

School climate (Rutter)

A supportive and involved environment characterized by high expectations and behavioral control, affecting outcomes like achievement and mental health.

Influence of peers on academic success

Friends have more influence than parents; high-achieving friends can positively impact lower achievers.

Impact of work on youth

Working more than 10 hours per week is detrimental to academic performance and mental health.

Gifted characteristics in children

Includes precocity, independence, a drive for mastery, and excellence in information processing.

Learning disabilities prevalence

Affects approximately 8% of the population, with a higher occurrence in males compared to females.

High school dropout predictors

Includes low grades, personal factors like low IQ and being Latinx, and parental education/income levels.

Gender differences in tertiary education

Females attend and graduate from tertiary schools at higher rates than males.

Parental expectations in Asian American families

Focus on effort over ability, and the influence of academically oriented friends.

Effects of media on adolescents- use causes

Higher media use correlates with stress, anxiety, depression, and risky behaviors.

Cultivation Theory

media gradually shapes a person’s worldview so over time it comes to resemble the worldview most frequently presented by media

Characteristics of internalizing problems

Common among females, involves distress, withdrawal, and experiences like anxiety and depression.

Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)

Effective treatment for depression and anxiety in adolescents, often combined with medication.

Eating disorders risk factors

Includes societal pressures for thinness, media influence, and genetic vulnerabilities.

Resilience in at-risk populations

High intelligence, supportive relationships, and positive school climates can foster resilience.

crystalization stage

14-18

begin to move beyond fantasizing and start to consider how their talents and interests match up with a career

seek information and advice

factor in beliefs and values

specification stage

18-21

job choices become more focused

picking a possible future career

begin education and training in jobs

implementation stage

21-24

completing education and training

what you want to do vs what they can do and what is available

stabilization stage

25-35

young adults establish themselves in their jobs

more stable and experienced work

consolidation stage

35 plus

gain expertise and experience

seek advancement and growth

influences on job goals (RIASES)

personality

R- realistic

high strength

low understanding

farming, truck driving

I- investigative

conceptual and theoretical thinking

A- artistic

imaginative, artistic

painting, writing

S- social

verbal and social skills

teaching, social work

E- enterprising

high verbal, social, leadership skills

sales

C- conventional

following directions

dislike of unstructured activities

bank teller

I- identity

work that provides personal fufillment and income

NEET program

program for EA who are not employed, educated or trained in anyway

helps them find work

mean world syndrome

the more people watch TV and media the more likely the are to believe that the world is a dangerous place

they believe the world is dangerous because that is how TV protrays it as such

social learning theory

effects of media on children and adolescents

behavior > worldview

more likely to imitate behaviors they see performed by models who are rewarded or not punished

uses and gratifications approach

emphasizes that people are actively make choices about how they use media on the basis of their developmental motivations and needs

consumers are active rather than passive

people respond to media in different ways

media practice model

adolescents media use is active in multiple ways

identity motivates the selection of media products

paying attention to certain media leads to interaction and evaluation

engage in application of media content

encorporate content into identity

what is media used for

information, entertainment, high sensation seeking, coping

media influence on identity formation

learn sexual and romantic scripts and gender roles

music, TV, movie taste

youth culture

socializing with peers who have similar interests

broad socialization in media

media that reflects their beliefs and values, learning new information about people and culture through rating systems and new products

narrow socialization in media

only seeing those who agree with you on things like politics and social issues. gives a biased perspective

internalizing problems

problems effecting a person’s internal world

anxiety, depression, EDs, withdrawaling

overcontrolled

anxiety, self punishment (over exercise), need for control

most common in women and girls

externalizing problems

difficulties in external world

deliquency, fighting, substance abuse, risky behaviors, crime

undercontrolled

implusive, lack self control, risky behaviors

most common in men and boys

socialization contexts

family structure, family process, parenting styles, friend influence, school, neighborhood, media, legal system, cultural beliefs

individual factors

aggressiveness, high sensation seeing, low impluse control

risky driving

number one source of mortality in adolescents and EA

ages 15-20 and 21-24

causes for risky driving

inexperience, friend influence, texting, calling, sensation seeking, optimistic bias, aggressiveness

graduated driver licensing (GLD)

program for people with restricted driving privileges to gradually increase privileges

more effective than driver’s ed

life course persistent delinquents

moffit’s theory of adolescents who show a history of related problems both prior and following adolescence

show a pattern of problems from birth

neuropsychological deficits that are evident in a difficult temperment and high likelihood of ADHD and high risk environment

protective factors

lower likelihood participation in risk behavior if they have

high intelligence, one caring adult, religious beliefs, healthy school environment

multisystemic approach

intervene at many different leveles

home, school, neighborhood, parent training, job counseling, youth centers, athletic leagues

unstructured socializing

parties, driving around with friends, shopping

high activity for drinking and smoking

start experimenting with alcohol and smoking