Legal Framework of Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Review

Judicial Review

Court's power to determine law constitutionality.

Marbury v. Madison

Case establishing judicial review in 1803.

Supremacy Clause

Federal law overrides state law conflicts.

Fundamental Law

U.S. Constitution as primary legal authority.

Checks and Balances

System preventing any government branch from dominance.

Civil Liberties

Individual rights protected from government infringement.

Legal Doctrine

Framework for interpreting laws and rights.

Stare Decisis

Legal principle of adhering to precedent.

Strict Scrutiny

Highest standard of judicial review for laws.

Intermediate Scrutiny

Moderate standard for evaluating government actions.

Rational Basis

Lowest standard, favors government actions.

Legitimacy Crisis

Public support essential for judicial authority.

Civil Libertarian

Advocate for individual rights and freedoms.

Restrictive

Conservative approach limiting individual liberties.

Fourth Amendment

Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.

Precedent

Previous court decisions guiding future cases.

Burden of Proof

Responsibility to prove claims in court.

Compelling Interest

Government's strong justification for law restrictions.

Narrowly Tailored

Law must specifically achieve its intended purpose.

Administrative Law

Rules created by government agencies.

Statutory Law

Laws enacted by legislative bodies.

Classic Law

Process of how a bill becomes law.

Judicial Supremacy

Supreme Court's final authority on constitutional interpretation.

Brown v. Board

1954 case addressing school segregation issues.

Individual Rights

Entitlements granted to individuals by law.

Governmental Power

Authority exercised by government entities.

Legal Doctrine in Civil Liberties

Framework for resolving rights disputes.

Compelling Interest

Government must justify restrictions on rights.

Least Restrictive Means

Narrowest way to achieve government interest.

Legal Question

The specific legal issue the court addresses.

Court's Ruling

The court's decision on the legal question.

Legal Doctrine

Established principles guiding judicial decisions.

Selective Incorporation

Applying key rights to states via 14th Amendment.

Establishment Clause

Prohibits government from establishing a religion.

Freedom from Religion

Protection against government-imposed religious practices.

Lemon Test

Criteria for evaluating government involvement with religion.

Secular Purpose

Government action must have a non-religious intent.

Neutrality Principle

Government must neither promote nor inhibit religion.

Separationists

Advocates for strict separation of church and state.

Accommodationists

Support limited government accommodation of religion.

Child Benefit Theory

Indirect aid to individuals benefiting religious organizations.

Everson v. Board of Education

Case allowing indirect aid to religious schools.

Lemon v. Kurtzman

Established criteria for government-religion entanglement.

Excessive Entanglement

Too much government involvement with religious organizations.

Official Surveillance

Government monitoring of religious organizations' activities.

Pervasive Sectarian

Widespread religious influence in public institutions.

Direct Subsidies

Funds given directly to religious organizations.

Indirect Subsidies

Funds flowing indirectly to religious organizations.

Rational Basis

Lowest level of scrutiny for government actions.

Intermediate Scrutiny

Moderate level of scrutiny for certain laws.

Strict Scrutiny

Highest level of scrutiny for fundamental rights.

Inculcation of Religion

Imposing religious values on citizens by government.

Government Accommodation

Permitting some government support for religious activities.

Core Civil Liberties Dispute

Fundamental rights at stake in legal cases.

Constitutional Scrutiny Level

Degree of examination applied to government laws.

Agostini v. Felton

Case ruling against excessive supervision in religious schools.

Lemon Test

Legal test to evaluate church-state entanglement.

Inculcation

Teaching or instilling religious beliefs in students.

Superprecedents

Landmark cases unlikely to be overturned.

Zelman v. Simmons-Harris

Ruling on school vouchers and religious schools.

Rational Basis

Lowest standard of judicial review for laws.

Symbolic Union

Perceived connection between church and state.

Excessive Entanglement

Too much government involvement with religion.

Secular Purpose

Non-religious intent behind a law or action.

Neutrality Doctrine

Law must neither promote nor inhibit religion.

School Prayer

Government-led prayer in schools is unconstitutional.

Santa Fe v. Doe

Case on coercive school prayer practices.

Public Aid

Government funds directed to families, not schools.

De Jure vs. De Facto

Legal vs. actual state of affairs.

Political Controversy

Tension between politics and religion issues.

Oversight

Monitoring to prevent religious indoctrination.

Public Choice

Families choosing schools based on performance.

Educational Deprivation

Lack of educational resources for low-income children.

Captive Audience

Group unable to avoid exposure to religious speech.

McCreary County v. ACLU

Case on religious displays in public spaces.

Bowen v. Kendrick

Case addressing funding for religious education.

Witters v. WA DSS

Case allowing aid for religious vocational training.

Fear of Inculcation

Concerns over teaching religion in public education.

Court's Verification

Judicial checks on secular purpose and neutrality.

Educational Function

Role of schools in providing education.

Low-Income Families

Households with limited financial resources.

Surveillance

Monitoring to ensure compliance with laws.

American Civil Liberties Union

Advocates for individual rights and freedoms.

Ten Commandments Display

Imply laws shaped by religious principles.

Van Orden v. Perry

Case involving display of religious symbols.

McCreary County v. ACLU

Different ruling on similar religious display.

Town of Greece v. Galloway

Prayer at council sessions deemed constitutional.

Coercion in Prayer

No coercion if individuals can leave freely.

Lemon Test

Criteria for government involvement with religion.

Aguilar v. Felton

Struck down government funding for religious schools.

Agostini v. Felton

Overturned Aguilar, allowing public funding.

In-School Prayer

Unconstitutional if it coerces students.

American Legion v. American Humanist Assn.

Cross memorial deemed secular over time.

Excessive Entanglement

Government involvement with religion must be limited.

Historical Statues

Purpose evolves, may become secular.

Free Exercise Clause

Protects individuals' rights to practice religion.

Reynolds v. US

Belief-action doctrine limits religious practices.

Polygamy Regulation

Government can regulate actions for societal reasons.

Valid Secular Purpose Doctrine

Laws must serve secular goals without targeting religion.

Cantwell v. Connecticut

Secular purpose must not target religious practices.