Music Lit Exam #1

Stone Age

Stone Age

Prehistory

Bronze Age

3300-1200

Iron Age

12-800

Classical Antiquity

800 BCE- 500 CE

Middle Ages

500 CE- 1450 CE

Plato's Republic

4th Century, music can heal

After the fall of Roman Empire in the 9th C. Who followed?

Byzantine Empire- most direct Arab World- strongest, most vibrant Western Europe - weakest, poorest

What lead Europe to become fragmented once again?

The death of Louis the Pious

Epitaph of Seikolos

The first written music

Mass for Christmas Day

Main Eucharistic liturgical service. Biblical, syllabic

Apollo

Lyre (string instrument) was his instrument, head

dionysus

Aulos (woodwind instrument) was his instrument, heart

aristotle

Aristotle's politic 300 BCE. Music that imitated ethos aroused some ethos in listeners.

boethius

~480 - ~524, most revered music authority in the middle ages. De institude musica (fundamentals of music)

Hildegard "In prinicipia omne"

Listen for women singing

Medieval Songs Outside Church

12th-13th C, epic or lyric

Church Modes

8 modes Odd numbers - authentic, above final Even numbers- plagal, below final

Diorian

Starts on D(final), 1, Reciting tone A

Hypodorian

D is the 4th, 2, Reciting tone F

Phrygian

Starts on E (final),3 , Reciting tone C

Hypophrygian

E is 4th, 4, Reciting tone A

Lydian

Starts on F, 5, Reciting tone C

Hypolydian

F is 4th, 6, Reciting tone A

Mixolydian

Starts on G, 7, Reciting tone D

Hypomixolydian

G is the 4th, 8, Reciting tone C

Guido d'Arezzo

Guidonian Hand , 21 notes

Hildegard of Bingen

12th C. composer and visionary, famous for prophecies

Martianus Capella

"marriage of memory and philology", early 5th C, 7 liberal arts

trivium

an introductory curriculum at a medieval university involving grammar and logic and rhetoric

quadrivium

a higher division of the curriculum in a medieval university involving arithmetic and music and geometry and astronomy

pythagoras

Music governed by math law's, numerical relationships. Music could pernitrate the soul (harmonia), inner harmony

Charlemagne

crowned emperor by Pope Leo III 800 CE, important role in preserving manuscripts for music

Troubadours

12 C. French poet composers. Southern France. Females are called trobouritz

Trouveres

Northern French poet composers, 12th c. Spoke french

Final

Ending note

Gregorian Chant

9th and 10th C, monophonic, scared Latin, Roman Catholic Church

Liturgy

1. Intro prayers 2, Liturgy of the Word

2. Liturgy of the Eucharist

Mass

Most important service in Catholic Church, central act is symbolic reenactment of the Last Supper

Ordinary of the Mass

Parts: Kyrie "lord have mercy, christ have mercy, lord have mercy" Gloria "Glory to god in the highest" Credo "I believe in God, the father almighty, matter of heaven & earth" Sanctus "holy holy holy lord" Agnus Dei "lamb of God...have mercy on us" Ite, missa est "mass has ended, Go in peace"

Notation of Chant

Late 8th and 9th c. Standardized performance, promote uniform liturgy, increase influence, legend of st. Gregory

Antiphonal

Alternating choirs

Responsorial

choir responds to soloist

Direct

Sung by one choir

Syllabic

one note per syllable

Melismatic

many notes per syllable

Neumatic

2-7 notes per syllable

Tetrachord

4 notes spanning a Perfect 4th

Reciting tone

repeating musical note

vespers

the sixth of the seven canonical hours of the divine office; early evening; now often made a public service on Sundays

trope

Expanded existing chant New words+ music Melody only: extending or adding melismas Text only: called prosula

The Divine Office

8 services, several psalms with antiphons, all 150 psalms sang each week, chant sung before and after psalms. Liturgy defined in rule of St. Benedict ~530

canso

Sung by the troubadours, 13th C.

Solesmes Chant Notation

Various manuscripts and printed editions of Gregorian chant, using varying styles of square-note neumes, circulated throughout the Catholic Church for centuries

solmization

a system of naming the notes of a musical scale by syllables instead of letters

Goliord Songs

Latin, earliest manifestation of liturgy, sung by Golidards

goliard

a wandering scholar in medieval Europe; famed for intemperance and riotous behavior and the composition of satirical and ribald Latin songs