World - Age of Enlightenment (Absolutism, Scientific Revolution, & Thinkers)

John Locke

had a positive view of humans, all people have natural rights and it's the job of government to protect these, government's power comes from people

Rousseau

Social Contract theory, direct democracy. Everyone is born with a blank state and are molded by their environment growing up.

Montesquieu

advocated separation of power would prevent one person from gaining too much power

absolute monarchy

The king has power over everyone

Hobbes

believed that people are naturally evil and selfish, an absolute monarchy is necessary to keep society under control, people give up power for law and order (social contract theory)

natural rights

people are born with certain rights, life, liberty, and property that no government can take from you

social contract

people give up certain powers to get law and order in return

Separation of Powers

Political idea that many branches of government should share power

Life, Liberty, Property

Natural Rights

Isaac Newton

Discovered the laws of gravity and motion and invented Calculus

Cesare Beccaria

Sought to reform the criminal justice system to make it more humane

Voltaire

Believed in the separation of church and state and freedom of speech and religion

Mary Wollstonecraft

Argued with Rousseau that women, too, should receive universal education. Wrote Vindication of the Rights of women

Louis XIV

French king who solidified political, economic and military power in the late 17th century; built Versailles; said "L'etat, c'est moi" (I am the state).

Scientific Revolution

A major shift in thinking between 1500 and 1700 in which modern science emerged as a new way of gaining knowledge about the natural world.

Galileo

He was the first person to use a telescope to observe objects in space. He discovered that planets and moons are physical bodies because of his studies of the night skies.

Isaac Newton

A scientist who used the scientific method to discover the law of Gravity; it proved that the scientific method actually worked.

Heliocentric Theory

The idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun.

Nicolas Copernicus

He believed that the Sun is at the center of the Universe, and all the planets revolve around the Sun in a circular pattern. ( Heliocentric Theory)

Geocentric Theory

Earth-centered view of the universe that came from the Greek philosopher Aristotle

Francis Bacon

He developed the scientific method.

(1561-1626) . Believed in experimentation.

Scientific Method

A series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions.

Enlightenment

A popular philosophical movement of the 1700s that focused on human reasoning, natural science, political and ethical philosophy.

Challenged the church.

Divine Right

Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god. Supported Absolute Monarchy.

Scientific Revolution influenced natural law

Enlightenment thinkers were influenced by the idea of natural law (how humans interact/function naturally) that emerged from the

Palace of Versailles

Lavish palace constructed by Louis XIV to reflect his power and might

Pre-scientific Revolution life

Based on church teachings and authority. "If they or the king say it, it must be true". Had limited growth in opportunities and education