integumentary a+p class noted 2/24/25

Nonspecific immunity

The body's general defense mechanisms, including the skin, that protect against a wide range of pathogens.

Epidermis

The outermost layer of skin, which is thin and made up of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

Dermis

The inner layer of skin located beneath the epidermis, containing blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue.

Melanin

A pigment produced by melanocytes that gives skin its color and protects against UV radiation.

Adipocyte

Fat cells that are responsible for storing energy in the form of fat.

Vitamin D3

The active form of vitamin D, which is produced in the skin upon exposure to sunlight, and is essential for calcium absorption.

Hypothyroidism

A condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones, leading to decreased metabolism.

Hyperthyroidism

A condition characterized by excessive production of thyroid hormones, resulting in increased metabolism and heat intolerance.

Cyanosis

A bluish discoloration of the skin due to poor oxygenation.

Jaundice

A condition characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes due to an accumulation of bilirubin.

Reflex arc

The neural pathway that controls a reflex action, involving sensory and motor neurons.

Stratum corneum

The outermost layer of the epidermis, consisting of dead keratinized cells.

Sebaceous gland

Glands in the skin that secrete oil (sebum) to lubricate and protect the skin.

Sweat gland

Glands that produce sweat to help regulate body temperature.

Hypodermis

The layer of tissue beneath the dermis, involved in fat storage and temperature regulation.

Apocrine gland

Sweat glands that are activated by emotional stress and are primarily found in the armpit and groin areas.

Stratum granulosum

Layer of the epidermis where keratinocytes begin to flatten and lose their nuclei.

Vasoconstriction

The narrowing of blood vessels to conserve body heat.

Vasodilation

The widening of blood vessels to release heat.

Scar tissue

Tissue that forms after a wound heals, which may differ in appearance and function from normal skin.