Anat + Phys 2-1 Short Answer Prep

3 ways the hypothalamus controls endocrine function

1.) secretes regulatory hormones that trigger the anterior pituitary gland to release hormones

2.) manufactures and secretes hormones through the posterior pituitary gland

3.) controls release of adrenal medulla hormones neurologically

Production and Secretion of T3 + T4

Materials needed: Tyrosine (AA in thyroglobulin) and Iodide ions (I-)

Production: I- taken up by basal surface of cell --> I- and thyroglobulin acted on by thyroid peroxidase at apical surface --> binds I- in thyroglobulin --> T3+T4 produced --> taken up by cell in endocytosis then ingested by lysosome --> T3+T4 separated from thyroglobulin, then diffuse into capillaries

Opposing Hormones

Insulin and Glucagon: Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose from the blood by tissues, glucagon raises blood glucose by breakdown of stored glucose in liver and skeletal muscles

Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin: PTH raises blood calcium by increasing # of osteoclasts, inhibits osteoblasts, and enhance resorption of calcium in the kidneys. Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast function, and makes kidneys excrete blood calcium therefore lowering blood calcium