a/p

Anatomy vs. Physiology

Anatomy: structure Physiology: function
thoracic cavity

Oblique Sections

cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes

Pleural Cavities

lateral subdivision of Thoracic Cavity, enveloping a lung, and the Medial Mediastinum

Abdominopelvic Cavity

seperated from thoracic cavity by the diaphram, a dome shaped muscle important in breathing. Has abdominal and pelvic cavities

Abdominopelvic Regions

Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists

What are the 3 different subdivisions of gross or macroscopic anatomy?

regional, systemic, and surface anatomy

What are 2 subdivisions of study for microscopic anatomy?

cytology (cells) and histology (tissues)

What are some subdivisions of physiology?

renal physiology (operation of kidney), neurophysiology, and cardiovascular physiology

main parts of lymphatic system/ immunity

red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, and lymph nodes

What are the survival needs?

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp. and atmospheric pressure

Ventral (anterior)

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

Axial

fundamental division of our body. Makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk.

Posterior/Dorsal Body

Sagittal

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

Median Plane (midsagittal plane)

sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline

Parasagittal Planes

all other sagittal planes offset from the midline

Frontal Planes (Coronal Plane)

like sagittal plane lie vertically, divide body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse/Horizontal Plane

runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. (Transverse is perpendicular to long axis of an organ, horizontal is from front to back)

Dorsal Body Cavity

protects the fragile nervous system organs, has 2 subdivisions

Cranial Cavity

in the skull, encases the brain

Vertebral Cavity (Spinal Cavity)

runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the delicate spinal cord

Ventral Body Cavity

the more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities, has 2 major subdivisions, houses internal organs called Viscera

Thoracic Cavity

surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest

Pericardial Cavity

encloses the heart and also surrounds the the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, and others)

Abdominal Cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

Pelvic Cavity

Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Serosa (Serous Membrane)

the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by this thin double layered membrane

Parietal Serosa

lines internal body walls

Visceral Serosa

covers the internal organs

What is anatomy?

the study of structure

What is physiology?

the study of function at many levels

What is gross or macroscopic anatomy?

the study of large body parts, visible to the naked eye

What is regional anatomy?

the study of all the structures in a particular region of the body.ex: abdomen or legs

What is systemic anatomy?

the study of body systems such as the cardiovascular system

What is surface anatomy?

the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface

What can be studied within developemental anatomy?

embryology (changes occurring before birth)

What is the principle of complementarity?

anatomy and physiology are inseparable, the function always refects structure and what a structure can do depends on its specific form.

In what way does physiology depend of anatomy?

the operation or function of a structure is dictated by its anatomy

Would you be studying anatomy or physiology if you investigated how muscles shorten? If you explored the location of the lungs in the body?

Muscle shortening is a topic of physiology. The body location of the lungs is an anatomy topic.

What are the levels of structural organization?

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system and organismal level

What does the digestive system do?

takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces)

What does the respiratory system do?

takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide

What does the urinary system do?

eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions

What does the cardiovascular system do?

via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to deposal organs

What does the integumentary system do?

protects the body as a whole from the external environment

all ____ depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs

cells

_____ ____ work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions

organ systems

What are the main parts of the integumentary system?

hair, nails and skin

What are the main parts of the Skeletal System?

bones and joints

What is the main part of the muscular system?

skeletal muscles

What are the main parts of the nervous system?

the brain, nerves and spinal cord

What are the main parts of the endocrine system?

pineal, pituitary, thyroid and adrenal gland, thymus, pancreas, ovaries and testis

What are the main parts of the cardiovascular system?

blood vessels and heart

main parts of respiratory system

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs and bronchus

main parts of digestive system

oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum , and anus

main parts of urinary system

kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra

main parts of male and female reproductive systems

male: prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens. female: mammary glands, ovary, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina

What are some functions of the lymphatic system?

it picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity;

What are the necessary life functions?

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction and growth

What is metabolism?

a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within the body

What is homeostasis?

the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

What are control mechanisms for homeostasis?

receptor is a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes, called stimuli and then sends info to the control center where it is analyzed and determines the appropriate response or course of action and then to the effector which provides the means for the control centers output

What is negative feedback within homeostasis? and example

the response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus regulation of body temp (nervous mechanism) regulation of blood volume by ADH (endocrine mechanism)

What separates living beings from nonliving objects?

Living organisms are able to maintain their boundaries, move, respond to environmental change, digest nutrients, carry out metabolism, dispose of wastes, reproduce and grow. while inanimate objects do not exhibit all of these

what name is given to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells

metabolism

Why is it necessary to be in a pressurized cabin when flying at 30,000 feet?

because the atmosphere is thinner at high altitudes and the amount of oxygen entering the blood under such conditions may be insufficient to maintain life

What's the process of negative back for regulation of blood volume by ADH

Receptors sense decreased blood volume, control center in hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone ADH, ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) to return more water to the blood.

What is positive feedback examples

the response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus; exhibits an amplifying effect; usually controls infrequent events ex: enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin, platelet plug formation and blood clotting

Homeostatic imbalance is the ...what does this cause?

disturbance of homeostasis increases risk of disease, contributes to changes associated with aging, may allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (heart failure)

What process allows us to adjust to either extreme heat or extreme cold?

Negative feedback mechanisms allow us to adjust to conditions outside the normal temperature range by causing heat to be lost from the body and retained or generated by the body.

When we begin to get dehydrated, we usually get thirsty, which causes us to drink fluids. Is thirst part of a negative or a positive feedback control system?

thirst is part of a neg. feedback control system because it prods us to drink which ends the thirst stimulus and returns body fluid volume to the normal range

the walls of the ____ body cavity are covered by a thin, double layered membrane

Ventral

what cavity in the thoracic cavity contains the heart and esophagus and trachea

pericardial cavity

what cavity in the thoracic cavity contains the lungs

pleural cavities

what does the ventral body cavity contain

thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities

the double layered membrane covering the the outer surfaces of the organs

serosa or serous membrane

The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls is called the

parietal serosa

When the parietal serosa folds in on itself it forms the

visceral serosa

in the body the serous membranes are separated by a thin layer of lubricating fluid called

serous fluid