Physio E3: GI pt 2

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CCK causes

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1

CCK causes

gallbladder contraction, relaxation of sphincter of Oddi

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2

Which organ has amazing regenerative abilities due to mitosis of hepatocytes?

liver -also the largest organ

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3

Sinusoids

capillaries that separate hepatic plates

-very permeable

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4

how are products of digestion delivered to the liver?

hepatic portal vein

-GI drains into portal vein → liver

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5

Hepatic blood flow

25% of CO

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6

Hepatic portal system

unique pattern of capillaries → veins → capillaries → veins

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7

How does the liver detoxify blood?

Kupffer cells: phagocytosis

Chemical alternated (hormones or drugs)

Production of urea, uric acid

Excretion

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8

Functions of the liver

detoxify blood; secrete bile; metabolize carbs, lipids, proteins

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9

Bile is composed of:

bile pigment (bilirubin), bile salts, phospholipids (lecithin), cholesterol, inorganic ions

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10

Bilirubin

produced in spleen, liver, and bone marrow

-product of Hgb breakdown

-conjugated vs unconjugated

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11

Unconjugated (free) bilirubin

not very water soluble

carried attached to albumin

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12

Conjugated bilirubin

some free bilirubin is conjugated with glucuronic acid to make it water soluble

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13

Conjugated bilirubin uses

-bacteria turn into urobilin → feces brown

- used to make bile

-absorbed by intestine sent back to liver

-remains in blood to be filtered by kidneys → amber color to urine (beer brown)

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14

Bile acids are derived from

cholesterol

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15

T/F the liver helps balance blood glucose

T

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16

glycogenesis

creates glycogen

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17

lipogenesis

creates triglycerides

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18

glycogenolysis

breaks down glycogen

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19

gluconeogenesis

creates glucose from AA

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20

ketogenesis

creates ketones

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21

What stimulates the conversion of fatty acids into ketone bodies

Glucagon

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22

Excessive catabolism of fat

ketoacidosis

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23

Liver produces

plasma albumin, most plasma globulins, clotting factors, angiotensinogen

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24

Albumin fx

provides oncotic pressure and transport

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25

Globulins fx

provide transport and blood clotting

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26

Clotting factors made

1 (fibrinogen, 2 (PT), 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11

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27

Chemical alteration by hepatocytes to detoxify blood

**ammonia is converted to urea, porphyrins into bilirubin, purines into uric acid

-urea returns to blood to be filtered by kidneys

-steroids and xenobiotics are altered then secreted into bile

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28

Gallbladder fx

stores and concentrates bile from the liver

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29

What hormone tells the gallbladder what to do?

CCK

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30

Fx of bile

aids in excretion of bilirubin

bile salts and IgA inhibit bacterial growth

neutralize gastric acid

aid in fat absorption

emulsify triglycerides and phospholipids

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31

T/F pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions

T

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32

Pancreas endocrine fx

Islets of Langerhans cells make insulin (beta cells) and glucagon (alpha cells)

-inner portion on pic

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33

Pancreas exocrine fx

pancreatic juice (enzymes)

-get deliver to duodenum via pancreatic duct

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34

Pancreatic Fx

secrete bicarb to neutralize chyme from stomach

Digestive enzymes

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35

Digestive enzymes for proteins

trypsin, chymotrypsin, caboxypolypeptidase

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36

Digestive enzymes for carbohydrates

pancreatic amylase

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37

Digestive enzymes for lipids

Pancreatic lipase, cholesterol esterase

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38

What hormones regulate pancreatic secretion?

Ach, CCK, Secretin

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39

Ach effect on pancreas

stimulates enzyme release

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40

CCK effect on pancreas

stimulates enzyme release

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41

Secretin effect on pancreas

stimulates large amounts of water and bicarb

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42

Secretion in 3 phases

Cephalic- PNS release of enzymes

Gastric- more release of enzymes

Intestinal- secretin stimulates release into duodenum

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43

PNS division of pancreas

activated while eating and stimulates insulin release

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44

SNS division of pancreas

inhibits insulin secretion and stimulates glucagon secretion

— produces stress hyperglycemia

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