Botany Exam 1

how are fall colors expressed in leaves

temp changes which causes the chlorophyll to break down, showing more fall colored pigments

important facts that differ plant types

color, shape, growth patterns, location, and textures

botany

the study of plants or photosynthetic organisms

Aristotle’s def of botany

something that is not a mineral or animal

taxonomic def of botany

Kingdom Plantae

what pigments are expressed in most plants (3)

chlorophyll a and b, and beta carotene

plants store…

starch

what is the alternation of generation life cycle

diploid to haploid (back and forth)

How was Britain known for tea

coffee rust turned plantations from coffee plants into tea, because tea was more suitable for that climate

what does the saying “build it and they will come” mean

if you create an environment suitable, things will start to grown

What are the subgroups plants can be broken down into

1) photosynthetic prokaryotes, fungi, algae, or plants

then…

2) bryophytes or tracheophytes

then…

3) seedless or seed plants

then…

4) gymnosperms or angiosperms

and lastly

5) monocots, eudicots, or neither

photosynthetic prokaryotes: (example, characteristic, taxonomy, and # of species)

1. cyano/sulfur/halo bacteria

2. prokaryotic

3. bacteria and archea

4. a few thosand

algae:(example, characteristic, taxonomy, and # of species)

1. diatoms and seaweeds

2. simple and aquatic

3. uncertain “protists”

4. 50,000

fungi: (example, characteristic, taxonomy, and # of species)

1. mushrooms and yeasts

2. heterotrophic or plant like growth

3. kingdom fungi

4. 10,000-600,000

plants: (example, characteristic, taxonomy, and # of species)

2. Chl a and b, and beta carotene, terrestrial life cycle (stages if growth), and alternation of generations

3. kingdom plantae, 82% biomass

4. 334,000

bryophytes: (example, characteristic, taxonomy, and # of species)

tracheophytes have vascular tissue

2. non vascular tissue due to large size, so the roots can support water

3. 3 phyla

4. 20,000

seedless: (example, characteristic, taxonomy, and # of species)

seed plants have seeds lol

1. ferns

2. no seeds

3. 2 phyla

4. 13,000

gymnosperms: (example, characteristic, taxonomy, and # of species)

1. pines and cones

2. no fruits or flowers (gimmy is a man)

3. 4 phyla

4. 1,000

angiosperms: (example, characteristic, taxonomy, and # of species)

1. flowering and fruitful plants

2. fruits and flowers

3. phylum magnoliaphyta

4. 300,000

monocots: (example, characteristic, taxonomy, and # of species)

1. grass, orchids, palms, and bananas

2. one cotyledon or seed leaf

3. N/A

4. 1/3 of of angiosperms

eudicots: (example, characteristic, taxonomy, and # of species)

1. woody trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants

2. two cotyledon

3. N/A

4. 2/3 of angiosperm

neither: (example, characteristic, taxonomy, and # of species)

1. magnolias, water lily’s, and pipe vines

2. diverged before mono and eudicot

3. ungrouped orders or clades

4. 3%

cell wall

non living polysaccharide skeleton including a middle lamella which holds the cell together

composition of cell wall

microfibrils of cellulose in a matrix of other polysaccharides

cellulose

polymer of beta glucose/most abundant organic molecule

alpha glucose

alpha/packman/edible/storage of food

beta glucose

builds cell wall

how can we digest cellulose

through the food pyramid

1. start with cellulose

2. fungi eat the cellulose

3. beetles eat the fungi

4. higher trophic levels and unto us will eat the beetles

hemicelluloses

crosslink cellulose microfibils

pectins

gelatinis (such as oatmeal) that is hydrophillic (absorbs water) and creates the glue of the middle lamella

lignins (wood) and glycoproteins

stiffen and strengthen plants

primary cell wall (outer)

deposited during growth, thin and expandable, 1/3 cellulose

secondary cell wall

deposited after growth, thicker and rigid, 50% cellulose and lignified

Plasmodesmata

cytoplasmic strands (ER) connect adjacent cells through pits (rigid secondary cell wall) in the cell wall (stitching)

plastids

semi autonomous with DNA- containing their own DNA to allow for easy replication

structure of a chloroplast

stroma- backround aqueous medium

thylakoids- system of internal membranes

2 parts of a thylakoid

grana- stacks of thylakoids

stroma lamallae- membranes that connect the grana stacks

as the plant ripens what happens

goes from chloroplast to chromosplast

plastid plants

plants with green and white coloration

chromoplast

storage of carotenoid pigments, reds, oranges, yellows, coloration and defense

Leucoplasts

storage of starch, manufacture, substances like oils and proteins

proplastids

undifferentiated in meristems (areas of active cell division which later differentiate to plastids

central vacuole structure

tonoplast (selectively permeable membrane) surrounding the cell sap and may be 90% of cell volume

central vacuole functions

produce turgor pressure/osmotic pressure (cell expansion and health)

turgor pressure

pushes the cell wall to expand after the plate divides into 2 cells

flavonoid pigments or anthocyanins

blue, violet, and deep red

cilia, flagella, centrioles, and basal bodies are absent in

post seed plant/no motile or mobile cells

where does cell division occur

meristems, where the cell plate forms during cytokineses and involves a phragmoplast- acting microrubules

amylose

linear change of repeated alpha glucose monomers

amybpectin

branched chain of repeated alpha glucose monomers

autotrophic metabolism

photosynthetic feeding

lipids

plant triglycerides are more unsaturated than animals (less fats) with no cholesterol but other sterols are used for structure

other important lipids and what they do

cutin and suberin, matrix for waxes, safeguard for degradation, and have waterproofing abilities

how common are proteins in plants

limited due to the small availability of nitrogen, structual carbohydrates come and step in in the absence of proteins to provide structure

what plant is an exception to little nitrogen

legumes (beans, peas, and peanuts)

what are complimentary proteins

grains and beans combine for our consumption cause just one amino acid won’t cut it (beans and rice)

nucleic acids

large genomes common (base pairings)

biochemical differences in plants

• autotrophic metabolism

• 4 major groups of biological molecules

• ionic difference K+ replaces Na

• secondary plant compounds (metabolites)

secondary plant compounds (metabolites)

• not necessary for existence

• restricted distribution

• helps with waste products and protection against organisms-prevention of other things growing

• communication- another plants starts taking over another, causing the plant to create chemicals to block the other OR recognition of relatives for working together

herbivore (metabolites)

anti-hervbivore compounds

microorganisms (metabolites)

phytoalexins

other plants (metabolites)

allelopathic compounds

major type of secondary plant compound: alkaloids

contain nitrogen and are bitter (drugs or caffeine)

major type of secondary plant compound: Terpenoids

derivatives of isoprene, examples are latexes/rubber/taxol/resins/spices and herbs

major type of secondary plant compound: phenolics

derivatives of phenol, examples are tanins (prevent decomposition in leaves), salicilic acid, and poison ivy

major type of secondary plant compound: Glycosides

sugar molecule + poison, cardiac glycosides- heart poisons like milkweed and oleander or cycogenic glycosides which produces cyanide. examples are apricot pits or bitter yuca

major type of secondary plant compound: proteins, peptides, and amino acids

extreme poisons such as ricin from castor beans or abrin from rosary pea, due to inhibiting ribisomes

secondary compounds are the basis for

1. herbal medicines

2. insect defense (insects eating gross tasting plants to protect themselves from prey/looking like things that other animals don't want to eat

3. ALS on Guam- lost of body moment and speech

4. meat based recipes- using herbs to prevent the growth of bacteria/used when people didn’t have access to freezers or fridges

oxidation vs reduction

oxidation- lose of an electron

reduction- gain of an electron

palidade parenchyma

where majority of photosynthesis happens

stomate

allows CO2 to enter the leaf

epidermal cells

guard cells

stroma thylakoids

bridges from grana to grana stacks

what did Aristotle think the origin of plants were

soil, called the humus theory and was believed until the 1500s

what did Van Helmont think the origin of plants were

water, he did an experiment where he only added water to a plant for 5 years to see its growth

photosynthesis formula in the late 1800s

CO2 H2O sunlight chlorophyll = CH2O+ + O2 carbohydrate

CH2O

building block of carbohydrates

facts about photosynthesis

• plants are moslty carbohydrates

• photosynthesis makes carbohydrates

• mineral nutrients are required for synthesis of molecules like proteins

• Source of O atoms were thought to be water

• H2O provided the majority of plant substance

What did Van Neil study

photosynthesis in sulfur bacteria, but discovered in his experiment that co2 was the main origin of plant substance

Carbon fixation reactions in stroma

calvin cycle takes in CO2 and turns it into a carbohydrate and discards H2O

light reactions in thylakoids

• photochemistry (light energy to chemical energy), photolysis or splitting of water, electron transport train, then chemiosmosis

adding an electron or having an H in the solution means were in the what form

reduced