body fluids

Blood

A sticky, opaque fluid and the body's only fluid tissue, consisting of liquid plasma and formed elements

Homeostasis (Blood Function)

Maintenance activities including transport (gases, nutrients, waste products, regulatory/processed molecules), regulation of pH and osmosis, maintenance of body temperature, protection, and blood clotting.

Plasma

The liquid component of blood; a pale yellow fluid that is mostly water (91%) and contains proteins (7%)

Formed Elements

The cellular components of blood: Erythrocytes (RBCs), Leukocytes (WBCs), and Platelets

Hematocrit

The percentage of RBCs out of the total blood volume

Albumin

The most abundant plasma protein (58%), which helps maintain osmotic pressure

Fibrinogen

A plasma protein (4%) that is converted to fibrin during clot formation.

Leukocytes (WBCs)

Complete cells responsible for the body’s defense against infection and removing dead cells and debris by phagocytosis.

Polycythemia

An RBC count that is above the normal value

Anemia

A condition indicated by an RBC count below the normal value. Variations in the size and shape of RBCs can be a prediction of this.

Urine

A filtrate from blood that acts as a medium for the excretion of water, salts, acids, bases, and metabolic waste products (like urea, creatine, uric acid).

Urine Production

Produced by the processes of Filtration, Tubular reabsorption, and Tubular secretion

Urea

The principal end product of protein metabolism and comprises about half (½) of the total solids in urine

Creatinuria

A condition where an abnormal amount of creatine occurs in the urine; may occur during starvation, diabetes mellitus, prolonged fever, and pregnancy

Glycosuria

The presence of glucose in urine

Proteinuria/Albuminuria

The presence of protein in urine

Hematuria

The presence of blood in urine

Oliguria

A decrease in the flow of urine

Anuria

A total lack of urine excretion

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

Fluid that is located inside cells

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

Fluid located outside cells, which includes interstitial fluid and plasma.

8%

Blood accounts for approximately _____ of body weight, and the average volume for males is 5–6 L (1.5 gallons), and 4.5 L for females

7.35–7.45

. Blood is a sticky, opaque fluid, with a normal pH range of _______ and a temperature of 38°C

Globulins

(38% of plasma proteins) function in immunity (antibodies and complement), transport (e.g., binding to hormones), and as clotting factors

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

constitute about 95% of formed elements and carry hemoglobin to transport O₂ and CO₂.

infection

The normal total WBC count is 5,000–9,000 WBCs/mL. A count above this value indicates

Neutrophils

The most numerous type of WBC is _________ (60%-70%), followed by Lymphocytes (20%-25%).

Platelets (or thrombocytes)

are just cell fragments (without a nucleus) and are responsible for blood clotting. The normal count is 250,000–400,000/cubic mm blood

60

The kidneys filter the body’s entire plasma volume __ times each day

Uric acid

is a product of the metabolism of purines from nucleoproteins, and increased output is seen in patients with gouty arthritis.

Urine

______ is normally pale yellow or amber in color, and freshly voided urine has an aromatic odor

4.6–8

The normal pH range for urine is ____, with an average value of 6.3

Polyuria

is a greater amount of urine excretion than normal and is seen in conditions such as diabetic patients.

Blood Chemistry

The composition of materials dissolved or suspended in plasma (like Glucose, Urea, Nitrogen, Bilirubin, and Cholesterol) can be assessed through _________ _______ tests

5L

Total blood volume is approximately

neutrophil

Phagocytizes microorganisms and other substances

Basophil

raleases histamine, which promotes inflammation, and heparin, which prevent clot formation.

eosinophil

releases chemical that reduces inflammation, attacks certain worm parasites

lymphocyte

produces antibodies and other chemicals responsible for destroying microorganisms; contributes to allergic reaction, graft rejection, tumor control, and regulation of the immune system

monocyte

phagocytotic cell in the blood; leaves the blood and becomes a macrophage, which phagocytizes bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments, and other debris within tissues.

platelet

forms platelet plug, releases chemicals neccesarry for blood clotting

4.6-6.2; 4.2-5.4

Red blood cell count(million/meu L)–

Male _____ million/ m L

Female ______ million/ m L

14-18;12-16

measurement (grams of hemoglobin per/mL of blood)

–

Male ________ g/100mL

–

Female ______ g/100mL

40%-52%; 38%-48%

Hematocrit measurement

(percent volume of)

Male: _____

Female: ——-

5000-9000

White blood cell count ( m L)

Male and Female _________ WBCs/ m L

60%-70%

Differential white blood cell count (the percentage of each type of WBC)

Neutrophils:

20%-25%

Differential white blood cell count (the percentage of each type of WBC)

Lymphocytes

3%-8%

Differential white blood cell count (the percentage of each type of WBC)

Monocytes

2%-4%

Differential white blood cell count (the percentage of each type of WBC)

Eosinophils

0.5%-1%

Differential white blood cell count (the percentage of each type of WBC)

Basophils