general science

Phusis

Greek word which means nature or origin

15th century

in this era, it became physics

Physics

very root of subjects like chemistry, engineering, astronomy, and even biology

Physics

the science of how matter and energy interact and affect each other over time and space

Physics

rocketry and the development of space travel; medical profession; transportation industry

Physics

mechanics, heatlight and other radiation, sound, electricity, magnetism, and others

Blaise Pascal, Daniel Bernoulli, Archimedes

scientists with significant contribution BDA

Blaise Pascal

French mathematician, physicist, and inventor who contributed to the study of fluid mechanics and pressure

Daniel Bernoulli

a Swiss physicist and mathematician known for his work in fluid dynamics

Archimedes

ancient Greek scientist, inventor, and mathematician who made foundational contributions to physics, especially in mechanics and fluid dynamics

Pascal’s Law

states that pressure exerted on a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions

Bernoulli’s Principle

describes the inverse relationship between fluid speed and pressure

Buoyancy

states that an object submerged in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object

Mechanics, thermodynamics, optics, acoustics, electromagnetism, relativity

6 branches of physics MTOAER

Mechanics

study of motion, forces, and energy of objects

Thermodynamics

study of heat, temperature, and energy transfer

Optics

study of light, its properties, and how it behaves

Acoustics

study of sound, vibration, and how sound waves travel

Electromagnetism

study of electric and magnetic fields and how they interact

Relativity

study of objects moving at high speeds and how space and time are connected, based on Einstein’s theories

Fluid dynamics

study of how liquids and gases move and interact with their surroundings

20 Hz

lowest frequency humans can usually hear

Infrasound

frequencies below 20 Hz (too low for human ears)

Time

quantity that describes when an event took place

Distance

• total length traveled by a moving object

• scalar quantity

Displacement

• length and direction of the line that connects the initial and final position

• vector quantity

Scalar quantity

physical quantity that can be described by a single numerical value, along with a unit of measurement, without any reference to direction

Vector quantity

physical quantity that possesses both magnitude (size or amount) and direction

Speed

• is the rate of change in position

• scalar quantity

Velocity

• rate of change in position with respect to a reference point

• change of position and also the direction

• vector quantity

Acceleration

• rate of change in velocity

• vector quantity

Translational and Rotational

2 types of motion

Translational Motion

type of motion in which all parts of the body move the same distance in a given time

Rectilinear and Curvilinear motion

2 types of Translational Motion

Rectilinear Motion

when an object in translatory motion moves along a straight line

Curvilinear Motion

when an object in translatory motion moves along a curved path

Rotational Motion

• simplest kind of rotation

• points on a rigid object move on circular paths around an axis of rotation

Angular Displacement

• the angle through which the object rotates

• angle swept out by a line passing through any point on the body and intersecting the axis of rotation perpendicularly

Counterclockwise

angular displacement is positive

Clockwise

angular displacement is negative

Translational motion final velocity

v

Translational motion acceleration

a

Linear Displacement

• change in position of an object measured along a straight line

• measured in meters (m)

Angular Displacement

• an angle through which an object rotates around an axis

• measured in radians (rad)

Linear Velocity

• rate of change in position with time

• vector quantity with direction

• measured in meters per second

Angular Velocity

• rate of change of angular position with time

• vector quantity perpendicular to a plane of rotation

• measured in radians per second

Linear Acceleration

• rate of change of velocity with time

• measured in meters per second squared

Angular Acceleration

• rate of change of angular velocity with time

• measured in radians per second squared

Linear Momentum

• a product of mass and velocity.

• describes an object’s tendency to continue moving in a straight line

Angular Momentum

• a product of moment of inertia and angular velocity

• describes an object’s tendency to continue rotating.

Simple and compound

2 types of machines

Simple machine

devices with no, or very few, moving parts that make work easier

Compound machine

made up of two or more simple machines

Pulley

• a grooved wheel around a rope, belt, or chain passes

• used to change the direction or magnitude of a force

Wheel and axle

move together as a simple lever to lift or to move an item by rolling

Effort

force applied to a lever

Load

the object moved

Fulcrum

fixed point

Lever

a rigid bar used to exert a pressure or sustain a weight by pivoting on its fulcrum. Levers help us by making it easier to lift heavy objects

Inclined plane

• flat surface set an angle or incline

• helps us by pushing or rolling an object to a higher or lower area

Wedge

• functions as a moving inclined plane

• help us by making it easier to split or cut an object

Screw

an inclined plane that is wrapped around a cylinder

Pascal’s principle

the change in pressure exerted to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every part of the fluid and the walls of the container

Blaise Pascal

• French mathematician, physicist, inventor, and philosopher

• made important contributions to the field of hydrostatics

• his experiment proved that atmospheric pressure decreases with height

Archimedes’ Principle

the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether partially or fully submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces and acts in the upward direction at the center of mass of the displaced fluid.

Archimedes of Syracuse

• Ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, inventor

• best known for formulating the principles of buoyancy

• father of hydrostatics

Electricity

flow of electrons, which

Static and electric

2 types of electricity

Static electricity

Current electricity

• electricity that is generated as a result of the movement of electrons.\

• used to accomplish mechanical tasks

Alternating current

periodically reverses direction, flowing back and forth

Direct current

flows in one direction

Series circuit

• all parts of the circuit are connected one after another to form a loop

• electric current that flows through one part will flow through the next part and so on

Parallel circuit

• has different pathways

• electric current divides , and only part of it flows through any path

• each pathway can be switched on or off separately from the others

Electric current

the net movement of electric charges in a single direction per unit time

Voltage

provides the “electrical pressure” to move electrons through a circuit

Resistance

the degree to which a material resists current flow

Ohm’s law

The current in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage established across the circuit and inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit

Electrical hazards

any dangerous condition where a person can be exposed to electric shock, burns, fire, or explosion due to contact with electricity

Octopus connection

Common causes of electrical fires in the Philippines

Energy loss

occur when energy is not used efficiently or is consumed unnecessarily

Wave

• A disturbance in a medium that propagates from one place to another

• it transfers energy but not matter

Oscillations

back and forth motions

Electromagnetic wave

• are waves which can travel through the vacuum of outer space

• does not reuqire a medium

Mechanical wave

• a disturbance or oscillation that travels through matter

• requires a medium

Crest

the section of the wave that rises above the undisturbed position

Trough

the lowest section of the wave that lies below the undisturbed position

Wavelength

• s length of a single wave, measured from one wave peak to the next

• horizontal distance

Amplitude

the distance from the center line (or the still position) to the top of a crest or to the bottom of a trough

Frequency

the number of waves passing a point in a certain time

Sound

• a mechanical wave that requires a medium

• a longitudinal wave

Compression

particles are pushed closer together

Rarefaction

particles are given more space to spread out

Pitch

• perception of the highness or lowness of a sound

• depends on the frequency of the sound wave

Loudness

• perception of the volume of the sound

• depends on the amplitude of the sound wave

Tone quality

• differentiates between two sounds, even if they share the same pitch and volume

• depends on the waveform of the sound wave

Communication

relies on sound energy to convey messages, emotions, and information through vocalizations and auditory signals in both humans and animals

Light

is a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels in waves and can move through empty space

Transverse wave

its oscillations are perpendicular to its direction of travel

Reflection

Light can bounce off surfaces