Grade 12 History Unit 3

What are the 3 stages of revolution according to Crane Brinton?

Preliminary, Moderate, Radical

What was the Tennis Court Oath?

A promise by the Third Estate to create a new constitution.

What was the significance of the Storming of the Bastille?

It marked the start of the French Revolution.

Who were the Jacobins?

Radical revolutionaries who led the Reign of Terror.

Who were the Girondins?

Moderate revolutionaries who wanted peaceful change but lost power.

Continental System

Napoleon's blockade to stop British trade.

Treaty of Amiens

A temporary peace between France and Britain in 1802.

Name 2 positive changes Napoleon made.

Napoleonic Code, Concordat with the Church.

What caused Napoleon’s fall?

Failed Russian invasion, loss at Leipzig, and Waterloo.

What was the goal of the Congress of Vienna?

Restore balance of power and old monarchs in Europe.

Name two outcomes of the Congress of Vienna.

France lost land; Switzerland became neutral.

Congress System

An agreement for Great Powers to meet and maintain peace.

time-oriented work

Work done by factory hours (like 9 to 5).

task-oriented work

Seasonal or job-based rural work (e.g., farming).

Spinning Jenny

A machine that made thread faster.

Define and explain significant changes during the Victorian Era.

Scientific: Darwin’s evolution theory

Transport: Railways, steam power

Reforms: Child labour laws, public health, education

Literature: Realism, social critique (Dickens, Brontës)

What was the cause of the American Civil War?

Disagreement over slavery and states' rights.

What was the turning point battle of the Civil War?

Gettysburg (1863).

What ended slavery in the U.S.?

The 13th Amendment.

imperialism

Taking over other lands for power, pride, or resources.

indirect rule

Controlling a colony by using local rulers under European control.

Who led the Taiping Rebellion?

Hong Xiuquan, who believed he was Jesus’s brother.

What was the result of the Taiping Rebellion?

Qing Dynasty won; 20–30 million died; Qing became weaker.

What is the main idea of the Communist Manifesto?

History is a class struggle; workers should rise up.

Who are the bourgeoisie and proletariat?

Bourgeoisie = rich owners; Proletariat = working class.

What did the Napoleonic Code do?

Unified laws in France

Define the Continental System and explain its significance.

• Napoleon's blockade to stop British trade

• Aimed to cripple Britain's economy

• Ultimately failed due to smuggling and resistance from European nations

What was the Storming of the Bastille and why was it important?

• Occurred on July 14, 1789.

• Parisian rebels stormed the Bastille, a medieval fortress and prison.

• Symbolized the start of the French Revolution.

• Represented a challenge to the monarchy and a victory for the people.

Who were the Jacobins and what impact did they have?

• Radical revolutionaries during the French Revolution.

• Maximillian Robspierre was one of the leaders.

• They advocated for radical changes within France.

• They led the Reign of Terror, a period of violence and mass executions.

What is imperialism and how did it affect Africa?

• Imperialism is taking over other lands for power, pride, or resources.

• European powers colonized Africa in the 19th century for resources and strategic reasons.

• Led to exploitation, loss of culture, and political changes in Africa.

What were the causes and outcomes of the Taiping Rebellion? -

• Causes: Hong Xiuquan's visions led him to believe he was Jesus’s brother and to fight the Qing Dynasty.

• Social and economic problems: high taxes, poverty, and famine.

• Outcomes: The Qing Dynasty won but was weakened

Explain the causes and effects of Napoleon’s downfall.

• Causes: Russian invasion (harsh winter), Continental System (economic blockade), Peninsular War (draining resources), European coalition.

• Effects: Abdication & exile to Elba, defeat at Waterloo, restoration of monarchies by Congress of Vienna, impact on European balance of power.

Describe the purpose and outcomes of the Congress of Vienna.

• Purpose: Restore balance of power in Europe, prevent future French aggression, restore legitimate monarchs.

• Outcomes: France lost territory, Bourbon monarchy restored, creation

Compare/contrast the Girondins and Jacobins regarding goals, actions, and outcomes:

• Goals:

  • Girondins: Peaceful change; constitutional monarchy; represent provinces.

  • Jacobins: Radical revolution; republic; centralize power in Paris.

• Actions:

  • Girondins: Held initial power; favored moderate approach.

  • Jacobins: Led Reign of Terror; revolutionary tribunals.

• Outcomes:

  • Girondins: Lost power; policies overturned.

  • Jacobins: Implemented radical reforms; led to chaos and downfall.