Ophth: Review of summer concepts

What bones make up the medial wall of the orbit?

Maxilla, Lacrimal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Frontal Bones

What bones make up the lateral wall of the orbit?

Zygomatic & Frontal Bones

What bones make up the inferior wall of the orbit?

Maxilla & Zygomatic Bones

What bones make up the superior wall of the orbit?

Frontal bone

What divides the eye into posterior and anterior cavities?

The ciliary body and the lens

The anterior cavity is filled with what fluid?

Aqueous humor

What fluid fills the posterior cavity?

Vitreous humor

Eyelids AKA

Palpebrae
- Connected at the medial and lateral canthus.

What do the Meibomian (tarsal) glands secrete? And what does the secretion do?

Lipid rich product which keeps the eyelid from sticking together

Where are eyelids connected at?

The medial and lateral canthus

The Meibomian (tarsal) glands are modified ______________ glands that secrete ....

Sebaceous glands that secretes outer lipid layer to the tear film

Innervation of lateral rectus m

CN VI (Abducens)

Innervation of superior oblique m

CN IV (Trochlear)

Lacrimal gland

Produces the aqueous portion of the tear film.

Lacrimal punctum

Small hole medial edge of eyelid. Valves that drain used tears away from your eye.

Lacrimal canaliculus

small channels that drain tears from eye surface into nasal cavity.

Lacrimal sac

Production and drainage of tears
- Reservoir for tear overflow
- Drains eye of debris and microbes

Nasolacrimal duct

Connects lacrimal canaliculus to lacrimal sac which drain tear fluid into nasal cavity.

Inferior concha

- Scroll shaped bone that is paired with superior and middle concha

- Along with the superior and middle nasal conchae, the inferior nasal concha works to filter, humidify, and warm the air that we breathe preventing cold air from reaching the lungs.

Sphincter pupillae m. (circular m., pupillary sphincter m.)

◦contraction causes constriction of pupil
◦Parasympathetic system
◦Innervated by CN III
◦Miosis or myosis

Dilator pupillae m. (radial m., pupil dilator m.)

◦Contraction cause pupil dilation
◦Sympathetic system
◦Innervated by CN III
-Mydriasis

Which muscles are responsible for constriction?

Circular Smooth Muscles

Which muscles are responsible for dilation?

Radial Smooth Muscles

Contraction of the sphincter pupillae muscle causes _______________ of the pupil

Constriction

Is constriction of the pupil a parasympathetic or sympathetic response? And what CN is this nn by?

Parasympathetic; CN III

Constriction of the pupil is also called...

Miosis or myosis (constriction)

What does contraction of the dilator pupillae m cause?

Dilation of the pupil

Is contraction of the pupil via radial muscles a parasympathetic or sympathetic response? And what CN is this nn by?

Sympathetic; CN III

Contraction of the pupil via radial muscles is also called...

Mydriasis (dilation)

Function and nn of the orbicularis oculi m

Closes eye tight
Innervated by CN VII (Facial)

Function and nn of levator palpebrae m

Elevates superior eyelid
Innervated by CN III (Oculomotor)

Bulbar conjunctiva covers the ____ aspect of the eye

Anterior

What is the role of sclera?

maintains shape of the globe

The cornea provides a clear, refractive layer that helps focus light onto the

Retina

What is the center aperture of the iris

The pupil

The retina contains _______, ___________, ___________ & ____________

Rods, cones, macula & fovea

What is presbyopia?

Natural loss of accommodation due to age
- Inability to focus on objects at a normal reading distance starts around age 40

What is astigmatism?

Refractive errors horizontally and vertically

What is myopia?

Nearsightedness (Can see near, but not far away)

*Images are formed in front of the retina causing blurry vision at a distance.

What is hyperopia?

Farsightedness (Can see far but not close up)

*Image focuses behind the retina.

What is amblyopia?

Reduction of vision in one eye due to eye-brain inability to work together

What is color blindness?

Defective or absent color perception

What is diplopia?

Double vision

What is emmetropia?

"Normal" refractive condition of the eye = clear vision

20/20

What is anisometropia?

Refractive power of one eye differs from the other
- One pupil is larger than the other.

What is strabismus?

Misalignment of eye

Color blindness is usually ___________: X-linked

Hereditary

What colors is color vision based on the perception of what colors?

Red, green and blue

- If perception defect is one color, that color will be perceived as a combo of the other two

What color blindness deficiency is most common?

Red-green

How do we test for color blindness?

Using Ishihara plates

What does 20/50 mean

Pt sees at 20ft what a person with normal vision can see at 50ft

What is hypotropia?

Downward alignment (tropias are constant)

What is hypertropia?

Upward alignment (tropias are constant)

What is exotropia?

Outward alignment (tropias are constant)

What is esotropia?

Inward alignment (tropias are constant)

What is Esophoria?

Inward (phorias are latent or transient)

What is exophoria?

Outward (phorias are latent or transient)

What is anisocoria?

Pupillary inequality of less than 0.5mm

What is normal eye pressure?

10-21mmHg

A lesion of the temporal and nasal optic n would cause what

Inability to see through the left eye
(#1)

A lesion at the optic chiasm would cause what

Inability to see thru the lateral portions of the left and right eyes
(#3)

A lesion at the optic tract (closer to the optic chiasm) would cause what

Loss of vision in the medial aspect of the left eye and lateral aspect of the right eye

A lesion at the optic tract (further away from the optic chiasm) would cause what

Loss of vision in the medial aspect of the left eye and lateral aspect of the right eye

Slit Lamp

- Instrument consisting of a high-intensity light source that can be focused to shine a thin sheet of light into the eye.

- It is used in conjunction with a biomicroscope.

- The lamp facilitates an examination of the anterior segment and posterior segment of the human eye,

- It gives a closer look at the different structures at the front of the eye and inside the eye.

- It’s a key tool in determining the health of your eyes and detecting eye disease.

- The slit lamp also gives a detailed view of the back of the eye as well. To do this, your ophthalmologist will dilate (widen) your pupils with dilating eye drops.