HISTORY EXAM 2

What was the Molasses Act of 1733?

A 6p tax on French molasses for trade regulation.

What did the Sugar Act of 1764 impose?

A 3p tax on French molasses for revenue.

What was the Stamp Act of 1765?

An act that allowed Admiralty Courts to try offenders, leading to outrage and riots.

What was the purpose of the Stamp Act Congress?

To declare rights and grievances against the Stamp Act.

What is a key grievance in the Declaration of Independence regarding taxes?

"For imposing taxes on us without our consent."

What did the Townshend Acts of 1767 tax?

Paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea.

What was the Boston Massacre?

A confrontation in 1770 that escalated tensions between colonists and British troops.

What was the Tea Act of 1773?

An act that led to the Boston Tea Party.

What were the Intolerable Acts?

Coercive Acts that closed Boston port and limited town meetings.

What did the Quebec Act of 1774 do?

Extended Quebec's boundaries and granted religious freedom to Catholics.

What was the Olive Branch Petition?

A final attempt to avoid war with Britain in 1775.

What did Thomas Paine's Common Sense advocate?

Independence from Britain and the establishment of a democratic republic.

What was the significance of the Battle of Saratoga?

It was a turning point in the Revolution, leading to French support for the colonies.

What was the outcome of the Treaty of Paris in 1783?

It ended the Revolutionary War and recognized American independence.

What did the Declaration of Independence state about government?

Governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed.

What was General Gage's role in the Revolution?

He was the British general in charge during the early conflicts.

What was the significance of the First Continental Congress?

It coordinated colonial resistance against British policies.

What was the impact of the Boston Tea Party?

It escalated tensions leading to the Intolerable Acts.

What did the phrase 'no taxation without representation' mean?

Colonists believed they should not be taxed by a government in which they had no representation.

What was the role of the Sons of Liberty?

A group that organized protests against British taxation and policies.

What was the significance of Valley Forge?

It was the site of the Continental Army's winter encampment, showcasing their resilience.

What did the phrase 'the summer soldier and the sunshine patriot' refer to?

Those who only support the cause when it is easy, as quoted by Tom Paine.

What was the outcome of the Long Island defeat in 1776?

It was a significant loss for the Continental Army early in the war.

What was the purpose of the Declaration of Rights and Grievances?

To assert colonial rights and address grievances against British rule.

What did the phrase 'life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness' signify?

Fundamental rights that the Declaration of Independence states are unalienable.

What was the significance of the Battle of Bunker Hill?

It demonstrated that colonial forces could stand up to British troops.

What was the role of Hessians in the American Revolution?

They were German mercenaries hired by Britain to fight against the colonies.

What was a major legacy of the Revolutionary War?

The birth of the nation in a war for noble, idealistic purposes.

How did the Revolutionary War affect national unity?

It glorified the war in American memory and united the nation.

What role did veterans play after the Revolutionary War?

Veterans became a powerful voice for national unity.

What significant action did George Washington take after the war?

He stepped down as commander-in-chief and returned to Mt. Vernon.

What ideology is characterized by independence, equality, and civic virtue?

Republicanism.

What was the significance of 'republican motherhood'?

It highlighted the important new role for women in republican society.

What was the outcome of slavery in New England states post-Revolution?

Slavery ended in Massachusetts by 1781 and in all New England states and Pennsylvania by 1784.

What were the Articles of Confederation?

The first governing document of the United States, proposed in 1776 and ratified in 1781.

What was a major weakness of the Articles of Confederation?

It lacked an executive branch and had no taxing power.

What event highlighted the problems of the Articles of Confederation?

Shays's Rebellion (1786-87).

What was the purpose of the Philadelphia Convention in 1787?

To address the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and create a new Constitution.

What was the Virginia Plan?

A proposal by James Madison for a strong national government with a bicameral legislature.

What were the two compromises made during the Constitutional Convention?

The Great Compromise (creating the Senate and House of Representatives) and the Three-Fifths Compromise.

What is a key feature of the U.S. Constitution?

It is an Enlightenment document constructed by reason and does not mention God.

What were the main arguments of the Anti-Federalists?

They believed republics should be small and feared the Constitution resembled a monarchy.

What was the Federalist response to Anti-Federalist concerns?

They argued for a coordinated campaign to support the Constitution, including the Federalist Papers.

What was the significance of Washington's Farewell Address?

He warned against foreign entanglements and the divisive effects of political parties.

What was the 'Revolution of 1800'?

The election of Thomas Jefferson, which marked a return to the principles of 1776.

What was the outcome of the War of 1812?

It solidified U.S. independence and raised national pride.

What was the impact of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803?

It expanded U.S. territory and initiated the Lewis and Clark expedition.

What was the XYZ Affair?

A diplomatic incident that led to an undeclared war between the U.S. and France.

What were the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798?

Laws that prohibited false writings against the government and targeted immigrants.

What did the Treaty of Ghent accomplish?

It ended the War of 1812 and restored relations between the U.S. and Britain.

What was the significance of the Second Bank of the United States?

It was established in 1816 to stabilize the economy and support American manufacturing.

What was the population of the U.S. in 1790?

4,000,000

What was the population of the U.S. in 1860?

31,000,000

How many cities had populations over 150,000 in 1860?

8

What major canal was significant during the Transportation Revolution?

Erie Canal

Who invented the steamboat in 1817?

Robert Fulton

What was a major change in agriculture during the Industrial Revolution?

Shift from subsistence farming to market farming

What invention did Samuel F. B. Morse create in 1837?

Telegraph

What was a significant impact of the Industrial Revolution on farmers?

Falling agricultural prices forced Eastern farmers to move west or to cities

What powered the factories during the Industrial Revolution?

Water

What was the role of government in the Industrial Revolution?

Active state involvement

What social impact did industrialization have?

Decline of the yeoman farmer

What system was associated with the Lowell factories?

The Lowell system

What was a characteristic of women laborers at Lowell?

Paternalism

What did the Industrial Revolution challenge?

Republican ideals

What was a key feature of the Industrial Revolution in terms of market?

National market development

What was the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?

A law passed in 1786 advocating for the separation of church and state, supported by Jefferson, Madison, Baptists, and Presbyterians against Anglicans.

What did Jefferson believe regarding religion and the state?

He believed that religion is a private opinion and that the state should not impose religious beliefs.

What was the significance of the First Amendment regarding religion?

It states that 'Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.'

What event in 1793 caused New England ministers to worry about religion?

The French Revolution, which raised concerns about the victory of rationalism.

What was the Cane Ridge Revival?

A large camp meeting in 1801 attended by perhaps 20,000 people, considered 'America's Pentecost.'

Who founded Methodism and when was it organized in America?

John Wesley founded Methodism, which was organized in America in 1784.

What is Arminian theology?

A theological stance embraced by Methodists that is anti-Calvinist, emphasizing free will and emotional religion.

What role did women play in the Methodist revival?

Women were actively involved and played significant roles in the camp meetings and revival activities.

What was the African Methodist Episcopal Church and who founded it?

Founded by Richard Allen in 1816, it was a church that provided a space for African Americans to practice their faith.

What was the 'Burnt-Over District'?

A region in New York that experienced intense religious revivalism after 1815, particularly following the opening of the Erie Canal.

Who was Charles Grandison Finney?

A prominent revivalist known for introducing 'new measures' and protracted meetings during the Second Great Awakening.

What is millennialism in the context of the Second Great Awakening?

The belief in an imminent Second Coming of Christ, with figures like William Miller predicting a millennium in 1843 and recalculating for 1844.

What was the goal of Restorationism?

To achieve Christian unity amidst the proliferation of denominations and churches.

Who was Joseph Smith and what did he establish?

The founder of the Mormon Church, who claimed to have translated the Book of Mormon from golden plates revealed by the angel Moroni.

What was the significance of Nauvoo, Illinois for the Mormons?

It was a key settlement for Mormons, where they developed their community and faced schism and persecution.

What was the impact of the Second Great Awakening on American religion?

It democratized religion, promoting the idea of the 'common man' having the right to interpret faith and scripture.

What does 'Sola scriptura' mean?

It is the doctrine that the Bible alone is the ultimate authority in matters of faith and practice.

What was the role of the mass-market religious press during the Second Great Awakening?

It helped disseminate religious ideas and fostered a popular religious culture in America.

How did revivalism affect the status of ministers in America?

Ministers transitioned from being seen as officeholders to professionals, reflecting the changing nature of religious leadership.

What marked the end of the Federalist Party?

The Era of Good Feeling

Who was the president during the Era of Good Feeling?

James Monroe (1817-1825)

What treaty established the Canadian border in 1818?

The treaty that drew the Canadian border and demilitarized it.

What was the significance of the Monroe Doctrine in 1823?

It stated that no new European colonies would be established in the Americas and that existing colonies would be accepted.

What was the Tallmadge Amendment related to?

It was part of the Missouri crisis in 1819 concerning the limitation of slavery.

What was Henry Clay's compromise regarding Missouri and Maine?

It aimed to maintain parity in the Senate between free and slave states.

What was the outcome of the elections of 1824 and 1828?

The election of 1824 was marred by a 'corrupt bargain', leading to a rematch in 1828 between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson.

What principle characterized Jacksonian Democracy?

It emphasized equality, opportunity, and opposition to monopolies and elite privilege.

What was the 'Spoils System' under Jackson?

It allowed federal jobs to be filled without requiring training, promoting political patronage.

How did Jackson's presidency change the role of the President?

He led Congress and utilized the veto power more aggressively.

What was the significance of the Nullification Crisis?

It was a dress rehearsal for the Civil War, establishing precedents for secession and federal response.

What was the 'Tariff of Abominations'?

A tariff passed in 1828 that led to the Nullification Crisis in South Carolina.

What was the Bank War?

A political struggle between President Jackson and the Bank of the United States, leading to economic chaos.

What did the Specie Circular of 1836 mandate?

It required payment for government land to be in gold and silver, contributing to the Panic of 1837.

Who was President of the Bank of the United States during the Bank War?

Nicholas Biddle