electrolytes balance

electrolytes

essential minerals that carry a positive or negative eletrical charge when dissolved in bodily fluids

electrolytes goals

crucial for

• hydrating the body

• balancing pH levels

• regulating nerve and muscle function

• controlling blood pressure

Intracellular fluid (ICF) & extracellular fluid (ECF)

electrolytes in

extracellular fluid (ECF)

includes plasma (erythrocytes), & interstitial fluid

key electrolytes

Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HCO3-, Mg2+

sodium Na+

cation via positive charge

major extracellular (outside cell) ion, should be higher outside

JOB: fluid balance, BP, nerve function/ action potentials

regulated by aldosterone

hyponatremia

hyponatremia

lethargic, limp muscles, stomach cramps, edema into interstitial area

potassium K+

major intracellular ion

membrane potential, more inside

JOBS: set us up for nerve signals, heart functions

potassium K+ heart function

hypo/hyperkalemia

small disturbances can cause cardiac arrhythmias

electrocardiogram: p wave atrial systole; qrs peak is ventricle contraction

calciuum Ca2+

JOBS: bones, muscle contraction, clotting, second messenger which means influences cell activity and neurotransmitter release

regulated by calcitonin (thyroid hormone) if too high

parathyroid regulates by increasing Ca into blood from bones → calcitrol

hyper/hypocalcemia

hyper/hypocalcemia symptoms

painful cramps, dental, mood, bone density loss

calcitriol

modified hormonal vitamin D, increases Ca2+, absorption from intestines

Chloride (Cl- )

osmotic balance (salt to water ratio in blood) & pH regulation

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

how we transport a lot of CO2 in blood plasma

reaction shifts left

breath out CO2 then

magnesium

enzyme co factor to convert substrate to products

nerve function and bone structure

enzyme co factor

it must be added to the enzyme for the enzymes catalytic active site to work right

regulation of electrolytes

kidneys regulate ion levels, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide, ADH, PTH

aldosterone

increases Na+ reabsorption = H2O reabsorption

acts on receptors in nephron’s ascending loop, distal loop, collecting duct

Antagonist: atrial natriuretic peptide hormone

atrial natriuretic peptide hormone

if atria stertch too much bc of blood volume, release Na+, H2O follows into nephron = more urine

antagonist to aldosterone

ADH

made by hypothalamus/homeostasis center of brain:

increase water reabsorption, acts on distal tube & collecting duct of nephron

PTH

parathyroid

increase blood Ca2+ from bones

sodium potassium pump

active transport using ATP = maintains membrane potential

3 Na+ out, 2 K+ into cell

JOB: imbalances affect nerves, muscles, heart ; maintains membrane potential

loop diuretics

block Na+ reabsoprtion out of nephron filtrate so it remains in urine, you micturate more

vitamin a

vision (especially night vision)

maintains epithelial tissues (skin, respiratory lining)

supports immune system

deficiency → night blindness, dry skin

vitamin D

hormonal

regulates calcium and phosphate absorption

essential for bone formation bc it is converted to calcitriol for Ca2+ reabsorption

deficiency → rickets (children), osteomalacia (adults)

vitamin E

antioxidant (protects cell membranes)

supports immune function

protects red blood cells and nervous tissue

antioxidants

protect cell membranes

provide electrons back to things that have lost to free radicals : DNA is important

water soluble vitamins

not stored much

C, B9, B12

vitamin c

ascorbic acid

collagen synthesis (connective tissue) or you get scurvy

wound healing

antioxidant

scurvy

weak, bleeding gums, and tissues

vitamin b9

folate

dna synthesis & cell division

critical during pregnancy (prevents neural tube defects): prenatal

vitamin B12

red blood cell formation

nerve function (myelin sheath insulation around nerve)

deficiency: pernicious anemia (fatigue, nerve damage)