Botany 1 Final

Which adaption is the most likely found in a plant in a rainforest with high humidity?

Large, broad leaves with many stomata.

What is the primary function of stomata on a leaf?

To regulate gas exchange

How do plants in arid environments often adapt their leaves to conserve water?

By having a thick, waxy cuticle.

What are the 3 main functions of leaves?

gas exchange, transpiration, photosynthesis

What environmental factors affect the rate of transpiration?

Light, temperature, humidity, wind, soil water.

What are mesophyll

the inner tissue of a plant leaf, located between the upper and lower epidermis, that is the primary site for photosynthesis.

What are the 2 kinds of mesophyll in leaves? Palisacle, spongy

What is the function of the paliscle mesophyll? Includes chloroplasts,, maximizes light absorption.

What is the function of spongy mesophyll? Facilitates gas exchange.

Examples of how leaves have adapted in response to challenging environmental conditions.

Trichomes, needles, leaf thickness.

3 examples of how leaves have adapted to provide protection.

spines, bracts, and stinging trichomes.

The main axis of the plant that holds the leaves and flowers is called a ___.

stem

_ are areas of leaf and bud attachment.

A single layer of cells covering and protecting the underlying tissue is called the ____.

epidermis

The ____ transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

xylem

The ____ moves sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

phloem

Areas of rapid cell proliferation which results in growth are called ____.

meristems

A _ is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes.

rhizome

A ____ is a short, thick underground storage stem with thin scaly leaves.

A ____ is a plant’s underground storage structure that consists of a short stem with fleshy leaves or leaf bases that store food reserves.

bulb

A ____ is a thin, string-like structure that allows the shoot to attach to other surfaces to access light.

tendril

_ are derived from the whole stem and arise from axillary buds just above the leaves.

thorns

____ are derived from only the surface tissues of the stem.

prickles

____ buds are located at the tip of the stem.

terminal

____ buds grow from at the junction of the stem and petiole.

axillary

A ____ is a plant structure containing undeveloped tissue for new leaves, flowers, or stems.

bud.

True or false? The total leaf volume controls the amount of water available.

True

True or false? The greater the surface area of the leaf the less water loss occurs

False

True or false? A large surface area to a small volume can result in rapid wilting.

True

True or False? A large volume with a small surface area conserves water against loss.

True

True or False? During photosynthesis, light is captured by organelles inside of plant cells called chloroplasts, then converted to food energy in the form of carbohydrates.

True

What organelle is responsible for photosynthesis in a plant cell

Chloroplasts

This organelle functions in cellular respiration

Mitochondrion

The cell’s genetic material is contained within the ___.

Nucleus

What is the primary function of the cell wall in a plant cell?

To provide structural support

What is the primary function of seeds? Protect undeveloped young plant, provide food for early growth, aid in movement of the undeveloped plant to new locations.

The three main components of seeds

Embryo, endosperm, and seed coat.

Which part of the seed serves as a food source for the developing embryo in some plants?

Cotyledon/endosperm.

Germination refers to? The process by which the embryo of a seed begins to grow into a plant.

Common methods of seed dispersal? Wind, water, animals.

What is the role of the seed coat?

To protect the embryo from injury or drying out.

The process where seeds absorb water to initiate germination is called? Imbibition

A plant with one cotelydon is classified as a

Monocot

What do we call the process of scratching or nicking the seed coat to induce germination?

Scarification

What critical factors are required for a seed to germinate? Oxygen, water, temperature, and light.

Gymnosperms and agiosperms are the only groups of plants that produce

seeds

Angiosperms are the only plants that produce

fruit and flowers

Plants are classified by the number of growing seasons required to complete their life cycle. Generally, these groups are

Annuals, biennials, and perennials.

Which cell parts are unique to plant cells? Cell walls and chloroplasts.

The main structural component of a cell wall?

Cellulose

The primary function of the cell wall in a plant cell

To provide structural support.

The organelle that functions in cellular respiration

Mitochondrion

The organelle that functions to package and deliver proteins

Golgi Apparatus

Cell organelles are located within the ___ of the cell?

Cytoplasm

The endoplasmic reticulum functions to?

transport materials

Genetic material is contained within the ___ of the cell?

Nucleus

This organelle is responsible for destroying worn out cell parts.

lysosome

The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ___ located on it.

RIbosomes.

Located within the nucleus, it is responsible for producing ribosomes

Nucleolus

Which structure is directly responsible for the formation of proteins within the cell?

Ribosomes

Glaborous means?

shiny, smooth, and sometimes waxy

Gloucous means?

Dusty, soft, not quite fuzzy.

Pubescent means?

fuzzy, finely hairy

Angiosperms have? Closed seeds

Gymnosperms have? Naked seeds

Monocots

have one seed leaf

Dicots

2 seed leaves

Embryo

immature plant

Cotyledon

Seed leaves that contain energy.

Seed coat

protective coating of a seed.

Enzyme activation

Water enables enzymes within the seed to break down stored starches into sugar.

Respiration

Cell breaks down carbohydrates, affected by temperature.

Photoblastic

requires light for germination

Abscisic acid

a plant hormone involved in stress responses and development, primarily regulating seed dormancy, leaf abscission, and stomata control.

Viability

Ability of the seed to germinate.

Micropyle

a tiny hole through the seed coat where the integuments utilized by the sperm to fertilize the egg. Later allows imbibition.

Plumule

At the top of the embryonic plant that represents the shoot or embryonic stem.

Epicotyl

Tip of the plumule. Above the embryonic attachment to cotyledons.

Coleoptile

monocot epicotyls are surrounded by this sheath.

Hypocotyl

part of the embryonic stem below the attachment point of the cotyledons.

Radicle

embryonic root.

Coleorhiza

protective sheath of the radicle.

Root hair function

increase surface area, absorb water, microbe interactions, anchor the plant, located in zone of elongation.

Root functions

uptake water and nutrients, anchorage, storage of nutrients.

Drip line

outer edge of the leaves where rain water drips off the canopy.

Apical Meristem

Growing tip of the root/shoot. Region of cell division.

Elongation zone

increases overall size and length of the structure.

Factors affecting root hair absorption

soil composition, water, temperature, pH, root hair health and density.

Root cap

protective tissue at the tip of each root. Helps root sense gravity and directs growth downwards.

Mucilage

Slimy substance to help lubricate roots through the soil.

Root exudates

sugars, amino acids, organic acids, flavonoids, signalling molecules. Regulates microbiota.

Taproots

Originate from the radicle, tend to grow downward with lateral roots emerging. Able to reach deep and anchor.

Fibrous roots

Roots emerge from stem tissue. Dense, Emerging as adventitious roots. Auxin regulates their development. Prevents erosion.

Positive gravitropism

ability to grow downward in response to gravity.

Columella cells

are specialized cells in a plant's root cap that function to sense gravity through the sedimentation of starch

Stems

the main axis of the plant that holds the leaves and flowers.

Crown

the part of the plant at the shoot

Nodes

areas of leaf and bud attachment.

Internodes

portion of the stem between the nodes.