SBI3U Exam Review - Diversity

Taxonomy

Taxonomy

• Domain Archaea

  • Kingdom archaea

    • Ancient bacteria

• Domain Bacteria

  • Kingdom bacteria

    • Modern bacteria

• Domain Eukarya

  • Kingdom protista

    • Single celled, microscopic, eukaryotes, amoeba

  • Kingdom fungi

    • Fungi

  • Kingdom plantae

    • Domain Bryophyta 

      • Mosses

    • Domain Hepatophyta

      • Liverworts

    • Domain Pteridophyta

      • Ferns

    • Domain Coniferophyta

      • Conifers

    • Domain Anthophyta

      • Flowering plants

  • Kingdom animalia

    • Phylum Porifera

      • Sponges

    • Phylum Cnidaria

      • Jellyfish

    • Phylum Platyhelminthes

      • Flatworms

    • Phylum Nematoda

      • Roundworms

    • Phylum Annelida

      • Segmented worms

    • Phylum Mollusca

      • Clams, Muscles

    • Phylum Arthropoda

      • Spiders

    • Phylum Echinodermata

      • Starfish

    • Phylum Chordata

      • Vertebrates

        • Chondrichthyes 

          • Sharks, cartilaginous

        • Osteichthyes

          • Bony fish

        • Amphibia

          • Amphibians

        • Reptilia

          • Reptiles

        • Aves

          • Birds

        • Mammalia

          • Mammals

Kindgom Plantae Characteristics

• Vascular Tissue 

  • Non-vascular → vascular plants

    • Increased height (xylem and phloem) for capturing sunlight

    • Vascular tissue forms “highways” for easy nutrient/water transport

• Specialized Leaves 

  • Small leaves, no stomata → large leaves, stomata

  • No cuticle → cuticle

    • Large leaves absorb more sunlight

    • Cuticle allows land colonization

    • Stomata reduces water loss because it is the only place gas exchange can occur

• Development of Roots

  • No roots → rhizoids → true roots

    • Rhizoids only anchor which give little support/grounding

    • True roots ground and easily access water

    • True roots allow land colonization

• Alternation of Generations

  • Dominant gametophyte (haploid) → dominant sporophyte (diploid)

    • Unknown advantages

    • Theoretically, sporophytes evolved as plants colonized land

      • Land organisms are exposed to much more UV radiation which causes mutations

      • Being diploid helps mitigate the effects of bad mutations

• Reproductive Strategies

  • Water requirement → no water requirement

  • Spores produced → seeds produced

  • “Naked” seeds → seeds covered by fruit

    • No water requirement means land colonization

    • Seeds contain embryo as well as a food source

      • Greater embryo survival chance

    • Fruit surrounding seed will be eaten and dispersed by animals

      • Genetic diversity

Kingdom Animalia Characteristics

• Level of Organization

  • Specialized cells → tissues → organs → organ systems

    • Systems create efficient energy conservation

• Symmetry 

  • Asymmetrical → radial symmetry → bilateral symmetry

    • Being bilateral offers two sides working against each other

    • Symmetry and cephalization work together

• Cephalization 

  • None → rudimentary → full cephalization (head)

    • Senses are concentrated in new environments (head-first)

      • This gives the best reaction time

• Germ layers

  • No germ layers → 2 acoelomate → 3 acoelomate → 3 pseudocoel → 3 coelomate

    • More germ layers offer more specialization

      • More energy conservation

      • More efficiency

• Way of life

  • Sessile → motile

    • Motility allows escape as well as the ability to scavenge for food

• Development to adult

  • Via larvae → small adult at birth

    • Larvae take sup excessive amounts of energy

      • Think of the process of becoming a butterfly

    • Small adults only need to grow

      • Energy conservation

• Fertilization 

  • External fertilization → internal fertilization

    • External fertilization has a lower success rate and is produced in low chance

    • Internal fertilization has higher success rates and is produced in high chance

    • Internal fertilization consumes less energy

• Segmentation

  • No segmentation → segmentation → modified segmentation

    • Segmentation allows the regrowth of organs

    • Modified segmentation allows specialized regrowth

• Gas exchange

  • Body surface → gills → trachea → lungs

    • Surface would require moisture for gas exchange

      • Only reliable in small organisms

    • Gills are slightly more effective

      • Only reliable for aquatic animals

    • Trachea works for land animals and is more efficient

    • Lungs are the most efficient and the cover a lot of surface area

    • Trachea and up allow land colonization

• Digestive cavity

  • None → one opening → tube with two openings

    • No digestive system only works for small organisms

    • One opening works but is inefficient for extracting nutrients

    • Two openings is the most efficient for extracting nutrients

• Circulatory

  • None → open vessels → closed vessels with a heart

    • No circulatory system could only work for small organisms

    • Open vessels cannot cover much are and don't always carry blood

    • Closed vessels with a heart deliver all the essentials with speed and efficiency

• Excretory system

  • None → nephridia → kidney

    • No excretory system only works for small organisms

    • Nephridia are able to disperse of toxic waste

    • Kidneys are able to disperse of toxic waste AND regulate water levels

      • This allows for land colonization

• Skeletal system

  • None → hydrostatic → external → internal

    • No skeletal structure/hydrostatic only works for small/aquatic organisms

    • External skeletal systems work but an organism would need to shed its shell to be able to grow

      • Land colonization

    • Internal skeletal systems and muscular systems are able to work together

• Muscular system

  • None → some → well-developed

    • No muscles gives no control of movement

    • Having muscles allows an organism to control its parts to some degree

    • Well-developed muscles allow them to work in pairs

      • Tricep and bicep

Staphylococcus

• Bundle of bacteria that look like grapes