A series of 4 acts passed by the US congress. Prohibited sedition or spoken or written criticism of the US government and imposed penalties of a fine or imprisonment on conviction. Expired in 1801
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The Fourth Estate
Another term for the press or journalism, which acts as a fourth branch of government, one that watches the other branches
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Chilling Effect
The phenomenon that occurs when journalist or other media producers decide not to publish stories on a topic after a journalist has been punished or jailed for such a story
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Prior Restraint
When the government prevents or blocks the publication, broadcasting, showing, or distribution of media content, whether in print, over the air, in movie theaters, or online
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Clear & Present Danger
A restriction on speech that meets both of the following conditions: (1) it is intended to incite or produce dangerous activity (as with falsely shouting "fire!" In a crowded theater), and (2) it is likely to succeed in achieving the purported result
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Preferred-position balancing theory from Mass Media Law by Don Pember
A legal theory that says that a balance must be struck between speech and other rights, although speech has a preferred position
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Libel
The publication of false statements that damage someone's reputation. An opinion is not libel.
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Slander
Libel except spoken not written
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What 3 elements should be met in order for something to be libel or slander?
A law intended to protect journalists from legal challenges to their freedom to report
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New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)
Defined malice so public officials know when they can sue for libel
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Censorship
The act of prohibiting certain expression or content. Target a part of the content to prohibit, not the whole
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Indecent speech
Regulates some (but not all) profanity
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Hays Code
A code established in 1930 by the movie industry to censor itself regarding showing nudity or glorifying antisocial acts. They rate movies G, PG etc.
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Telecommunications Act of 1996
The first major regulatory overhaul of telecommunications since 1934, designed to open the industry to greater competition by deregulating many aspects of it
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