psychology Understanding Motivation: Theories and Concepts

Motivation

the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs/wants are met

Extrinsic motivation

type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that's separate from or external to the person

Intrinsic motivation

type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner

Instincts

the biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in people and other animals.

Need

a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism.

Drive

a psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension.

Drive-reduction theory

approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal.

Primary drives

those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst.

Acquired (secondary) drive

those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval.

Homeostasis

the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state.

Need of affiliation

(nAff) the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others.

Need for power

(nPow) the need to have control or influence over others.

Need for achievement

a need that involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones.

Arousal theory

theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation.

Sensation seeker

someone who needs more arousal than the average person.

Incentive approaches

theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow proposed that human beings must fulfill the more basic needs, such as physical and security needs, before being able to fulfill the higher needs of self-actualization and transcendence.

Self-actualization

according to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential.

Peak experiences

according to Maslow, times in a person's life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved.

Self-determination theory

(SDT) theory of human motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action.

James-Lange theory of emotion

a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion

Canon-Bard theory of emotion

physiological reaction and Emotion are assumed to occur at the same time

Cognitive arousal theory

both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced

Cognitive meditational theory

a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by a person in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction

facial feedback hypothesis

facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion

Glucagon

increases blood glucose levels

Insulin

A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues

positive psychology movement

Stimulus motive

FRQ 1: pg 374-375

Extrinsic vs Intrinsic Motivation

6 sentences

FRQ 2: pg 388-390

Biological and Cognitive Components of Emotion

emotion

incentive

things that attract/lure ppl into action

need