BIOL-L 112 Final Exam Practice

If your mother and father are both heterozygous (Bb) for Huntington's disease, which is caused by a dominant allele, the odds of you having the disease are ___

75%

A contraceptive pill contains ___

Estrogen and/or progesterone

What hormone is produced by the placenta after implantation?

Human chorionic gonadotropin

The special functions performed by membranes are the result of ____

Proteins in the bilipid layer

Proteins that are destined to be destroyed are specifically ____

Tagged by ubiquitin

Which embryonic tissue is incorrectly associated with its derivative? Liver from endoderm, circulatory system from mesoderm, skin from mesoderm, nervous system from ectoderm

Skin from mesoderm

Inoculation against the following is recommended for the general public EXCEPT for ____ Influenzae, Anthracis, Pertussis, Diptheria, Tetani

Anthracis

They have been dubbed as "conveyor belts"; they move vesicles, organelles, and chromosomes

Microtubules

Which of the following is NOT associated with meiosis? Reduction of number of chromosomes, Germ cells, Sperm and egg, Somatic cells, Sexual reproduction

Somatic cells

In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the start codon (or initiator codon) is ___, which codes for the amino acid ___

AUG, methionine

Ovulation is triggered by a surge in the level of ____ in the circulatory system

Luteinizing hormone

Which cancer causes the greatest number of deaths in both men and women?

Lung cancer

Which of the following is found in greater abundance in sperm and eggs compared to regular somatic cells? Mitochondria, Centrioles, ER, Mucus, Microtubules

Mitochondria

Organ transplants are likely to be successful between ____

Identical twins

The primary reproductive organ in the human female is ____

Ovary

The female hormones that participate in milk production for the newborn are ____

Prolactin and oxytocin

Which cell is NOT involved with the defense response? Monocytes, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Erythrocytes, Eosinophils

Erythrocytes

Most of the oxygen in the blood is transported by ___

Hemoglobin

The seminal vesicles ("sperm vessels") are misnamed. Sperm are actually stored in the ___

Epididymis

Which immunoglobulin is able to pass the placenta to protect the fetus from pathogens?

IgG

The immunoglobulin G molecule consists of how many polypeptide chains, including light and heavy chains?

4

Which drug, if taken during pregnancy, results in infants with partial arms or legs?

Thalidomide

How is adaptive immunity different from innate immunity? A. Adaptive immunity has memory, while innate immunity does not, B. Adaptive immunity is specific, while innate immunity is not C. Adaptive immunity is immediate, while innate immunity is not D. A, b and c E. A and b only

A and b only

Which of the following statements about the Calvin Cycle is false? Glyceraldehyde phosphate is an end product, It takes 6 turns of the cycle to generate 1 molecule of glucose, It requires darkness, RuBP is constantly regenerated

It requires darkness - just doesn't need light

What acts as "filters" in the lymphatic system?

Lymph nodes

The heart, muscles, bones, and blood develop primarily from ___

Mesoderm

Susan, a mother with type B blood, has a child with type O blood. She claims that Craig, who has type A blood, is the father. He claims that he cannot possibly be the father. Further blood tests ordered by the judge reveal that Craig is AA. The judge rules that ____ Susan is right and Craig must pay child support, Susan cannot be the real mother of the child; there must have been an error at the hospital, Craig is right and doesn't have to pay child support, It's impossible to reach a decision based on the limited data available, None of these

Craig is right and doesn't have to pay child support

The average number of sperm that are deposited in the vagina during an ejaculation is between _

50 and 350 million

The passageway that channels ova from the ovary into the uterus is known as ____

An oviduct

Implantation of a zygote occurs in the ___

Uterus

These contain enzymes and are commonly referred to as the garbage disposals of the cell

Lysosomes

In order to ensure the precision of the excision of introns, the junction between introns and exons are bound by: Single stranded RNA binding proteins, RNA polymerase, Ribozymes, SnRNPs, All of these

SnRNPs

The degeneracy of the genetic code refers to the fact that: The code varies considerably between different cell types within a multicellular organism, The code has most amino acids represented by more than one codon,The code varies considerably between different organisms, The code is comma-less, with no indicators of spaces between codons, The code has some codons that do not specify an amino acid

The code has most amino acids represented by more than one codon

During normal DNA replication, part of the DNA at the ends of linear chromosomes is not copied into the new DNA strands because ____Cells do not need the DNA at the ends of chromosomes,The ends of chromosomes are made of protein, not DNA, RNA primers at the beginning of a new strand cannot be replaced with DNA, Those ends are Okazaki fragments that are lost, DNA ligase cannot join pieces at the end of a chromosome

RNA primers at the beginning of a new strand cannot be replaced with DNA

Which of the following structures is NOT found in mature sperm? DNA molecules, Mitochondria, Acrosome with enzymes, Ribosomes, Microtubules in the tail

Ribosomes

In humoral immunity, effector (plasma) cells ____ A. Secrete perforin molecules B. Manufacture and secrete antibodies C. Die within a week of production D. A, b, and c E. A and b

A and b

At what point in development is a human embryo considered to be a fetus?

8 weeks

Adding nucleotides onto a growing DNA strand during DNA replication in cells occurs in ____ The 5' to 3' direction for the leading strand and the 3' to 5' direction on the lagging strand, Either the 5' to 3' direction or the 3' to 5' direction on both strands, depending on where replication begins, The 5' to 3' direction only, The 3' to 5' direction only, The 3' to 5' direction for the leading strand and the 5' to 3' direction on the lagging strand

The 5' to 3' direction only

Peroxisomes would most likely be involved in the metabolism of ____ Pesticides, White blood cells, Nucleoli, Alcohol, Glucose

Alcohol

Which of the following molecule(s)/cell(s) are required for the recognition of foreign antigens? A. T cell receptor B. MHCs C. Antigen presenting cell D. A, b, and c E. A and c

A, b, and c

If purple is dominant in pea plants, a cross between P generation purple and white plants will result in ___ All purple flowers in the F1 generation but a lighter purple than in the parents, All white flowers in the F1 generation, Half of the plants having purple flowers, the other half having white flowers, All purple flowers in the F1 generation, Mostly purple flowers in the P1 generation, with an occasional white flower

All purple flowers in the F1 generation

___ reproduction generates more ____ than ____ reproduction: Sexual; genetic stability; asexual, Asexual; genetic diversity; sexual, Sexual; genetic diversity; asexual, Sexual; identical offspring; asexual, Asexual; haploid cells; sexual

Sexual; genetic diversity; asexual

After DNA repair enzymes cut out of the part of a DNA strand that had an incorrect nucleotide, ____ is/are needed to complete the repair: DNA polymerase, Primase and DNA ligase, Primase and DNA polymerase, Primase, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase, DNA polymerase and DNA ligase

DNA polymerase and DNA ligase

Aerobes use ____ as the final electron acceptor in electron transport phosphorylation

Oxygen

Which of the following is correct regarding stem cells? They ____ Are phagocytic, Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, Are more numerous in women than men, Retain the ability to divide and give rise to special types of cells, Are the most common blood cell

Retain the ability to divide and give rise to special types of cells

Autoimmune diseases result from a breakdown in the ability of the body to

Distinguish self from non-self

The breakdown of pyruvate in the Krebs cycle results in the release of ____ Hydrogen, Oxygen, Energy, Carbon dioxide, All of these except oxygen

All of these except oxygen

Clones of B or T cells are

Produced only when their surface proteins recognize specific antigens

Which Calvin Cycle products are used in light reactions? Protons and pi, O2, water, and ATP, G3P, ATP, and NADPH, Electrons from CO2, ADP, pi, and NADP+

ADP, pi, and NADP+

Mendel's dihybrid crosses, but not his monohybrid crosses, showed that ___ The two alleles controlling a trait were divided equally among the gametes, The crossing of two different homozygous forms will not produce any offspring in the first generation that will look like either of the parents, One of the pairs of alleles is dominant to the other, Some genes were linked together, Alleles for different traits were inherited independently

Alleles for different traits were inherited independently

If all the offspring of a test cross are alike and resemble the organism being tested, then that parent is

Homozygous dominant

The development of an HIV vaccine has been very difficult because

The viral coat antigens change frequently as the virus replicates

These contain enzymes used in the breakdown of glucose and generation of ATP

Mitochondria

Translation ends when a stop codon is at the ___ site, allowing a ___ to bind there

A; release factor

The cap on an mRNA is the site where

Ribosomes attach at the start of translation

Organelle composed of a system of tubes, and sacs that transport molecules inside the cytoplasm are

ER

Put the following developmental processes in the correct order: Gastrulation > cleavage > organogenesis, Cleavage > organogenesis > gastrulation, Gastrulation > organogenesis > cleavage, Organogenesis > cleavage > gastrulation, Cleavage > gastrulation > organogenesis

Cleavage > Gastrulation > organogenesis

All of the following is true regarding replication EXCEPT that ____ Extension of the new strand grows in the 5' to 3' direction, It involves both strands of DNA as templates, It results in a double-stranded end products, It uses the enzyme DNA polymerase, It requires three different types of RNA molecules for initiation

It requires three different types of RNA molecules for initiation

The difference between normal hemoglobin and sickle cell hemoglobin is in the ____ Substitution of a specific amino acid for another specific amino acid, Addition of one amino acid to the normal hemoglobin molecule, Number of chains of amino acids, Heme portion of the molecules, Loss of one amino acid from the normal hemoglobin

Substitution of a specific amino acid for another specific amino acid

Gestation takes approximately ___ days in humans

266

Males tend to be affected in greater numbers by X-linked recessive genetic disorders than are females because

Males have only one recessive gene for the disorder

Which of the following statements about the light reaction of photosynthesis is FALSE? The splitting of water provides a source of electrons, Chlorophyll absorbs light energy which excites electrons, An electron transport chain is used to create a proton gradient, The proton gradient is used to reduce NADP

The proton gradient is used to reduce NADP

Fertilization in mammals occurs in the ____

Oviduct

Arrange the following three lines of defense from earliest to latest: 1adaptive immune system, 2physical barriers, 3innate immune system

2, 3, 1

You cross a pink snapdragon (CRCW) with a white snapdragon (CWCW). What percentage of the progeny will be red?

0%

You had a cold last month and you caught another one from your brother. Why could this happen? Your antigen-presenting cells do not recognize the second cold virus, Memory cells were not formed as a response to the first cold, The two cold viruses are significantly different, The antibodies formed as a response to the first cold were degraded, Your macrophages are not working properly

The two cold viruses are significantly different

The poly(A) tail of an mRNA ____ Covers the stop codon until it is needed, Protects the mRNA from attack by RNA-digesting enzymes, Is where the start codon is located, Is where the process of translation ends, Is where ribosomes attach at the start of translation

Protects the mRNA from attack by RNAS-digesting enzymes

In an ectopic pregnancy, implantation occurs ___

Any of these

In the postpartum female,

Prolactin stimulates the production of milk and oxytocin stimulates the secretion of milk

During the translocation step of protein synthesis, which of the following occurs ____ tRNA from the P site moves to the A site, TRNA from the A site moves to the P site, TRNA from the A site is released from the ribosome, MRNA is degraded after each codon has been read, tRNA is charged

tRNA from the A site moves to the P site

Proteins that are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle and that show fluctuations in concentration during the cell cycle are called

Cyclins

With respect to chromosomes, the difference between normal human males and females is defined by which of the following? Females typically have three X's, In males an X is replaced by a Y, Males have two X's and a Y, Females possess one X, Females possess one X and one Y

In males an X is replaced by a Y

Mutant and cancerous cells are destroyed by which cells?

Cytotoxic T

CAM plants can keep stomata closed in the daytime because they can ____ Fix carbon dioxide into organic acids at night, Perform PSI and PSII at night, Store large amounts of carbon dioxide in vacuoles, Fix carbon dioxide into pyruvic acid in the mesophyll cells

Fix carbon dioxide into organic acids at night

What is the function of a signal sequence during protein synthesis?

To direct an mRNA to the ER

Which of the following is NOT involved in a feedback loop in the male reproductive system? Hypothalamus, Adrenal gland, Sertoli cells, Anterior pituitary, Leydic cells

Adrenal gland

Which of the following is an antigen-presenting cell? Plasma cell, Dendritic cell and macrophage, Dendritic cell, Macrophage, T cell

Dendritic cell and macrophage

Ovulation involves the ___

Release of a secondary oocyte

A color blind man and a woman with normal vision whose father was color blind have a son. Color blindness, in this case, is caused by an X-linked recessive gene. If only the male offspring are considered, the probability that their son is color blind is ____

50%

What is the name of the birth defect in which the neutral tube fails to close completely?

Spina bifida

An enzyme that is present in both photosynthesis and respiration is called ___

ATP synthase

If the ductus deferents tubes are cut and tied (vasectomy), the semen will not contain ___

Sperm

Which blood type is the universal donor?

O

Which of the following statements is false? 1Only B cells and their progeny make antibodies, 2Macrophages will digest invading bacterial cells but do not destroy the antigens that eventually become mounted on the surface of the macrophages, 3The primary immune system response is faster and more complete than the secondary response, 4Naive B cells already have antibodies but have not yet encountered an antigen, 5Some B cell progeny differentiate into memory cells

The primary immune response is faster and more complete than a secondary immune response

At the start of translation the initiator tRNA is based paired with the start codon at ____ in the ribosome

The P site (peptidyl site)

The amount of energy released from a glucose molecule is dependent on what happens to the ___

Hydrogen atoms

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) primarily destroys which cells?

Helper T

The transcription initiator complex is comprised of the ___ Promoter and TATA box, Terminator, Promoter, TATA box, None of these

Promoter and TATA

Recombination occurs

Only during prophase 1 and involves swapping between homologous chromatids

During DNA processing, pre-RNA typically undergoes substantial ___ Binding with ribosomal proteins, Intron excision, exon splicing, Excision of introns, RNA folding, Excision of exons, Formation of new protein domains

Intron excision, exon splicing

Which cells directly destroy body cells infected with viral or fungal parasites?

Cytotoxic T

The greatest number of ATP molecules is produced in ____

Electron transport

Misfolding proteins is a strong indicator for the cause of certain diseases, however ____ is NOT caused by proteins misfolding

Phenylketonuria

Reiki Okazaki discovered that what are now called "Okazaki fragments" are produced during DNA replication. These are

Short lengths of new DNA on the lagging strand

The total yield of ATP from the oxidation of one molecule of glucose is ____. Assume 1NADH = 2.5 ATP and 1FADH2 = 1.5 ATP

32

During human development, what gives rise to the embryo?

Inner cell mass

In humans, what events would occur over the longest period of time?

Growth and tissue specialization

What acts to remove over-twisting and strain ahead of the replication fork during DNA replication?

Topoisomerase

While running in a garden, a girl steps on an old board and a nail goes through her shoe and skin, causing a deep puncture wound. Which of the following non-specific defense mechanisms will come to her rescue? Epithelial cells with cilia, Inflammation, Lysozyme, Natural killer cells, Acidic skin secretions

Inflammation

When the body's defenses turn against its own cells, the disorder is called ___

An autoimmune response