biology lecture exam #1

chapter #1 !!

the science of biology

what is science ?

the process of dicovery, a search for truth based on evidence from the scientific method, and a series of ongoing questions fueled by curiosity

three types of science

physical - study of inanimate natural objects ( physics, chemistry, astronomy ) ; life - study of living organisms ( biology, ecology ) ; social - study of human societies and relationships ( psychology, sociology )

is science described with True or true ?

true

biology

the study of life including their structure, function, growth, development, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy ; nothing is clear, a deeper complication is beneath, anything but simple

scientific method

a series of steps followed to experiment including observations, questions, hypothesis, predictions, tests

hypothesis

is a proposed idea ; can be wrong, requires validity from others, if - then statement

theory

a broad explanation that is substantiated by a large part of evidence, more than a guess, and can never be proven true

predictions

expected outcomes that can be shown to be correct or incorrect

control test

test of a sample of known results used to compare with the results of a experimental group

data

facts and statistics collected together for analysis in comparison to the control and experiemental groups

data categories

quantitative - numbers / measurments and qualitative - descriptions

"good" science

repeatable tests - results should be able to be reproduced

"bad" science

falsifying, fabricating, manipulating, and cooking data

good scientist

curious, skeptical, honest, open-minded, and willing to be wrong

model organisms

a widely studied species that have experimental advantages and are easy to maintain and breed in the lab and used in experiments ex: mice, e coil, and worms

what is biology ?

the study of life and living things

what method of inquiry do scientists use to support their "truth" ?

scientific method

is a hypothesis the same as a theory ?

no

what makes "good" science good ?

repeatable tests

why are these organisms ( e. coli, yeast, mice, and monkeys ) considered to be "model" organisms in the laboratory ?

the species are easy to maintain and breed and they produce large number of offspring

principles that apply to living organisms

all living organisms are made up of cells ; living organisms use energy ; living organisms interact with their environment ; living organisms maintain homeostasis ; living organisms grow and develop ; genetic material provides blueprint for reproduction

homeostasis

a process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

levels of biological organization

biosphere, ecosystems, communities, populations, organisms, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules, and atom

atom

the smallest unit of ordinary matter

molecule

a group of atoms bonded together

organelle

specialized internal cell structure that carries out specific cell functions

cell

smallest unit of living matter ; lowest level of biological organization that can survive and reproduce

tissue

a group of similar cells that perform a specific function

organ

a group of tissues that adapt to perform a specific functions

organ system

a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

organism

a living system that can respond to stimuli, grow, reproduce, develop, and maintain homeostasis

population

a group of organisms of the same species populating a given area

community

an interacting group of various species within a common location

ecosystem

a system that includes all living ( biotic factors ) as well as physical environment ( abiotic factors ) function together

biosphere

includes all places on earth

what is the smallest unit of matter ?

atom

what is the smallest unit that can live on its own ?

cell

what level of organization do all the squirrels on san jac make up ?

population

what level of organization comes after a cell ( cells make up... ) ?

tissues

evolution

populations become better able to adapt to their environment producing trains that promote survival and reproductive success

principals that apply to population

evolution ; micro evolution : small changes in a population over time , macro evolution : changes leading to creation of distinct species

unity

life on earth is unified by an evolutionary past

diversity

life has evolved in diverse forms to survive

mechanisms of evolution

vertical descent with mutation & horizontal gene transfer

vertical descent with mutations

a progression of changes that occur by genetic mutations in a series of ancestors: a lineage

horizontal gene transfer

genes transferred between organisms of different species by which a genome may acquire new genes

web of life

both horizontal gene transfer and vertical descent with mutation are important mechanisms in the evolution of life

what are the six characteristics of life that biologists use to distinguish living organisms from that which is non-living ?

principles of living organisms ; all living organisms are made up of cells, use energy, interact with their environment, maintain homeostasis, grow and develop, and genetic material provides blueprint for reproduction

name the levels of organization from the least complex to the most complex

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

what are the two mechanisms by which populations evolve ?

vertical descent with mutations and horizontal gene transfer

what principle is important to all fields of biology ?

structure determines function

classification hierarchy

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species ( dumb kids playing chase on freeway get squished )

taxonomy

naming and grouping of species ; classification

binomial nomenclature

a system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name

genus name

capitalized, italicized (or underlined )

species name

italicized ( or underlined )

domain

most inclusive ; three main groups : archaea, bacteria, and eukarya

prokaryotic domains archaea / bacteria

archaea : unicellular organisms that can survive in extreme environment ( extremophiles ) ; bacteria : most diverse group of unicellular organisms

eukaryotic domain eukarya

unicellular and multicellular organisms with internal compartments that serve various functions

kingdom

protista, fungi, plantae, animala

species

least inclusive ; a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring

prokaryotic cell

no nucleus or membrane bound organelles ; archaea & bacteria

eukaryotic cell

membrane enclosed nucleus and organelles ; eukarya

genome

the complete genetic composition of a cell or species

proteome

all the proteins that a cell or organism makes

principles of biology

living organisms can be defines by six principles, are organized into twelve levels extending from atoms to biospheres, are classified into taxonomic group, and have evolved over time by mechanisms

how do biologists define a species ?

organisms that can interbred and produce fertile offspring

how are species named ?

binomial nomenclature with genus and species

list the hierarchy of taxonomic groups most to least inclusive

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

what is the difference between a prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic ?

prokaryotic has no nucleus while eukaryotic has a nucleus

name three domains

archaea, bacteria, eukarya

name the kingdoms that are eukaryotic

animala, plantae, fungi

what is a genome ?

entire genetic material of an organism

chapter #2 !!

the nature of molecules and the properties of water

matter

anything that contains mass and occupies space ; solid liquid, or gas

element

a pure substance of only one kind of atom

compound

a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio ex : H2O

subatomic particles

protons ( p+ ) , neutrons ( n0 ), electrons ( e- )

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus

atomic mass

equal to the number of both protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

electrons

negative charge, are found in the outer shells of the atom, = to number of protons, travel in orbitals, and vary in amount of energy ( further has more energy )

"excited" electrons

electrons gain ( absorb ) energy - move to a shell farther from the nucleus

"ground state" electrons

electrons lose ( release ) energy - they "fall back" to a shell closer to the nucleus

octet rule

atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons

valence shell

outermost shell

valence capacity

the number of unpaired electrons in the outer most shell

electron shells

fixed levels of potential energy ; each electron (orbital) shell represents a higher energy level

hydrogen : atomic number atomic mass

1 - 1

carbon : atomic number atomic mass

6 - 12 ( 6 p+ + 6 n0 = 12 )

nitrogen : atomic number atomic mass

7 - 14 ( 7 p+ + 7 n0 = 14 )

oxygen : atomic number atomic mass

8 - 16( 8 p+ + 8 n0 = 16 )

what subatomic particles are found in the nucleus ?

protons with a net positive charge and neutrons with no charge

do the electron shells closest to the nucleus have more, or less, energy than those shells farther from the nucleus ?

less

the valence shell of an atom is complete when it is filled with how many electrons ?

eight

what is the atomic number of an atom based on ? the atomic mass ?

atomic number is protons while the atomic mass is protons + neutrons

isotope

atoms of the same number of protons that have different numbers of neutrons ex : 12C & 14C

carbon isotopes

stable : 12C ( 6 p+ + 6 n0 ) & 13C ; unstable / radioactive : 14C ( 6 p+ + 8 n0 )

half-life

the time it takes for 50% of the isotope to decay ; the atom loses ½ its mass ex : 14C = life of 5,730 yrs

are all isotopes radioactive ?

no not all