Pharmacology Test 1 (2) (quizlet)

What is a substance that when taken into the body, it alters its physiology? A substance also used in the treatment, diagnosis, prevention, or mitigation of disease.

drug

What is the science dealing with the properties of drugs and their effects on living systems? The properties and reactions of drugs, especially with relation to their therapeutic value.

pharmacology

Separate and complementary health-care profession concerned with collection, preparation, standardization, and dispensing of drugs. The art or practice of preparing, preserving, compounding, and dispensing drugs.

pharmacy

What is the amount of drug given at one time?

dose

What is the amount of drug given, the route of administration, the interval between doses, and the duration of therapy?

dosage

The relative measurement of biological activity. Amount of drug needed to achieve a specified biological effect.
Seldom of medical significance.

potency

Effectiveness. The ability of a drug to control or cure an illness.

efficacy

What is the highest drug concentration in a dosing interval?

peak concentration

What is the lowest drug concentration in a dosing interval? This always occurs immediately before the next dose.

trough concentration

What is the lowest concentration that produces the desired effect? Concentrations below this are "subtherapeutic."

minimum effective concentration

What is LD50?

Lethal dose in 50% of animals (toxicity study).

What is ED50?

Dose that was effective in 50% of animals (efficacy study).

What is the largest dose (concentration) that does not cause toxicity?

maximum nontoxic dose

What is the measure of the relative desirability of a drug for attaining a particular medical end versus its risk of toxicity?

therapeutic index

What is the term for drug concentrations associated with efficacy and not toxicity?

therapeutic range

What describes the chemical composition of a drug and has little practical use in the clinical setting? Example: D (-)-α-amino-p-hydroxybenzyl-penicillin.

chemical name

What is a more concise name given to the drug and is often referred to as the *"generic" name*? It is not capitalized.

nonproprietary name

What is the unique name that the manufacturer gives to its specific brand of a drug and is referred to as the *"trade name"*? Proper noun, it is capitalized.

proprietary name

\______ \_______ can be classified as Type A or Type B.

adverse reactions

What is an adverse event that can be anticipated based on the known mechanism of the drug and is usually dose-dependent?

Type A

What is an adverse event that is idiosyncratic, unpredictable, and often nondose-dependent?

Type B

What describes the relationship between concentration and effect?

pharmacodynamics

Most drugs have their effect by binding to \_______, which are usually proteins on the cell membrane or intracellular.

receptors

What is a substance that induces a physiologic action and enhances or mimics the effect?

agonist

What is a substance that blocks the action of an agonist?

antagonist

What does not work at the same receptor but its action serves to oppose that of another agonist?

physiological antagonists

What is a substance that is naturally produced in the body that induces a physiologic action?

endogenous agonist

What is a drug that is naturally produced in the body that is given to produce an effect?

exogenous agonist

Binds to the same site as an agonist, but *doesn't activate it.* Therefore blocking the agonist action. Used to prevent activity of drugs and to reverse effects of drugs. Can be overcome by adding more agonist, increasing the concentration of the agonist.

competitive antagonist

Strong pain reliever, strong effect. (ex: morphine)

pure antagonist

Partial effect. Pure agonist blocked. Weaker & safer drug.

partial agonist

Full effect, pure agonist blocked (ex: extra strength tylenol for work).

agonist/antagonist

What does ADME stand for?

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

A mathematical description of how the drug behaves in the body (ADME). Describes the relationship of dose to drug concentration.

pharmacokinetics

Metabolism occurs primarily in the \______.

liver

Drugs are primarily eliminated by the \_______.

kidney

When peak and trough concentration do not vary between dosing intervals. Drugs with short half-lives reach this rapidly; drugs with long half-lives take a long time to reach this.

steady state

Not classified as a drug. Not regulated by the FDA. Cannot make therapeutic claims. Improves overall health of animals with certain conditions. ex: Denosyl supports liver health.

nutraceutical

*Safe and effective for use and have been labeled with directions for the layman.* Safe use for these includes safety to the animal, the person administering it, food products derived from the animals treated(for products intended for food animal), and the environment.

over the counter veterinary drugs

"Sold Only Through Licensed Veterinarians." Over the counter status. Reflects sales policy of company. *No legal basis.*

ethical products

Veterinary "cosmetics." Includes shampoos, cream rinses, skin conditioners, etc. Not subject to FDA control unless therapeutic claim.

grooming aids

Includes topical flea and tick products and other pesticides used on animate and inanimate objects. If administered *orally or parenterally, FDA jurisdiction.*

pesticides

Pesticides are regulated by the \____.

EPA

Vaccines are regulated by the \____.

USDA

What is a legend drug?

-"Rx Only" (found on human-approved prescription products)
-"Caution: Federal Law Restricts This Drug to Use By or Order of a Licensed Veterinarian" (found on veterinary approved prescription products)

Practitioner must be licensed by the state where drug is prescribed. Note: Does not matter where the patient is. Requires valid veterinarian/client/patient relationship. A veterinarian may prescribe for veterinary patients only!

prescription drugs

Types of drugs that require a prescription when used in veterinary patients.

-all veterinary prescription products
-all human prescription drugs used extra-label in animals
-veterinary OTC's when used extra-label
-all human OTC's
-all compounded products

Refills for a non-controlled prescription drug may be authorized by the veterinarian for a maximum of \__ months from date on the original prescription.

12

What is the Latin abbreviation for "refill as needed"?

prn

Regulates oral & injectable HW/flea prevention.

FDA

Regulates controlled substances.

DEA

Prevents unfair methods of competition and deceptive acts or practices. Encourages competition in the licensed professions. Enforces antitrust laws ("price fixing").

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

Must a veterinarian choose a veterinary-approved product over a human-approved product when prescribing for non-food animals?

no

Use of any drug in a manner not in accordance with its approved label. Also referred to as "off-label" use.

extralabel drug use

If the intended use is in a nonfood animal, an approved human drug can be used even if an approved animal drug is available. (True/False)

true

In \____ animals, use vet approved over human if
available. Also use vet approved products for compounding over human if available.

food

When an \_____ \_____ \_____ product is used extra-label in animals, it must be treated as a prescription drug in accordance with the provisions of AMDUCA.

over the counter

These drugs, or classes of drugs, are approved for treating or preventing influenza A and are prohibited from extralabel use in chickens, turkeys, and ducks.

adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors

Voluntary ban on use of \___________ in food animals by American Association of Bovine Practitioners and the American Veterinary Medical Association.

Aminoglycosides

The extralabel ban in 2012 prohibits the extralabel use of \_________ drugs (not including cephapirin) in cattle, swine, chickens, and turkeys.

Cephalosporin

List 3 things that are required to be on an extralabel drug label by AMDUCA.

-name of prescriber
-name and address of pharmacy
-name of drug

Meeting individual patient needs within the context of a valid veterinarian-client-patient relationship that cannot be met through approved products in their commercially available form. *All products in this form in veterinary medicine require a prescription!*

compounding

Based upon an individual need. Reformulated from either a commercial product or from an API (active pharmaceutical ingredient). *IS NOT* for resale, duplication of a commercially available product, a commercial product that must be reconstituted prior to use or an IV admixture (example—the addition of KCl to IV bag).

compounded product

Legalized compounding from approved veterinary and human products. Did *NOT* legalize compounding from bulk chemicals (also called active pharmaceutical ingredients [API]).

AMDUCA

Who can legally compound for veterinary patients?

-veterinarians
-pharmacists

Chemical substances that have a high potential for abuse and have no legitimate medical use in treatment in the United States. Heroin, marijuana, LSD.

schedule 1

Drugs that have a current accepted medical use for treatment in the United States but which have a high potential for abuse. This abuse may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. Morphine, oxymorphone, fentanyl, pentobarbital, hydromorphone, meperidine, methadone, etorphine, hydrochloride and carfentanil (subclass restricted to use in the restraint of wild and zoo animals).

schedule 2

Drugs that are accepted in medical use in the United States and have less potential for abuse than the substances in Schedules I or II. Codeine combinations (codeine w/ APAP).

schedule 3

Drugs with a low potential for abuse relative to substances in Schedule III. They have a current accepted use and a limited physical or psychological dependence potential. *Opioid (tramadol)—July 1, 2011 MS Senate Bill 2810. Centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant (carisoprodol)—July 1, 2011 MS Senate Bill 2810.*

schedule 4

Drugs with the lowest potential for abuse of those scheduled as controlled drugs. OTC codeine cough preparations. e.g. Actifed with Codeine.

schedule 5

The purchase of Schedule 2 controlled drugs from another veterinary practice requires the DEA form \___.

222

Schedule \__ drugs cannot be refilled.

2

Schedule \____ drugs can be refilled a maximum of five times and are valid for six months.

3-4

Schedule \__ drugs can be refilled as authorized by the practitioner and are valid for one year according to federal law. EXCEPTION: In Mississippi, maximum number of refills \= 5; valid for six months only.

5

\_________ \________ prescription must be dated on the date it is written (no post-dating allowed*).

controlled substance

Separate records for schedule \__ drugs must be kept.

2

Schedule \_____ controlled substances records may be maintained together *if use of each individual drug can be identified.*

3-5

A vet that only prescribes CS is not required to keep records of the transactions. (True/False)

true

A vet who \_______ CS is required to keep records of each transaction.

dispenses

The DEA requires that controlled substance records be kept for \__ months.

12

Veterinarians involved in the loss or theft of CS must notify the nearest DEA field office upon discovery and file DEA form \___.

106

Veterinarians involved in any "significant" loss or theft of CS must notify in writing the nearest DEA field office within \__ business day of discovery.

1

Outdated, damaged, or contaminated CS must be disposed of. Veterinarians must follow federal regulations and file DEA Form \___.

41

Which side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs?

right

Which side of the heart is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood throughout the body?

left

Which major vessels return deoxygenated blood
to the right side of the heart?

vena cava

The right AV valve is known as the \_______.

tricuspid

The left AV valve is known as the \_______.

mitral

What is known as the pacemaker and is responsible for setting the heart rate?

SA node

Contraction of the atrium occurs here on an ECG. Depolarization.

P wave

Contraction of the ventricles occurs here on an ECG.

QRS

Repolarization (reset) heart for the next cycle in an ECG.

T wave

Involve movement of sodium & potassium across cardiac membranes. Cardiac meds can affect this directly or indirectly as a side effect. After repolarization, sodium and potassium ions are located on the "wrong" side of the cell. The sodium- potassium pump works to reestablish
order.

depolarization and repolarization

Sodium moves into the cell.

depolarization

Potassium moves out of the cell.

repolarization

The autonomic nervous system is composed of what 2 branches?

1. sympathetic
2. parasympathetic

Under epinephrine and norepinephrine control. "Fight or flight" response.

sympathetic

Medications that mimic the effect of epinephrine
& norepinephrine in the sympathetic nervous system are called \______ \________.

adrenergic agonists

Medications that bind to the receptors but do not cause a sympathetic response are called \________ \________.

adrenergic antagonists

Receptors are located within the heart. They increase heart rate, the strength of contraction, and the speed at which the depolarization wave travels through the heart.

Beta 1