Mycology

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Superficial Mycoses

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1

Superficial Mycoses

surface growth: skin and hair

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2

Pityriasis Versicolor

Associated with pigmentation Malassezia complex Observed worldwide (Especially in tropical environments) Long, pink (gram-negative)

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3

Pityriasis Versicolor: Transmission

Contact with patches

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4

Pityriasis Versicolor: Treatment

Not required -> not dangerous Rarely resolves on its own Antifungal ointment or shampoo “Cosmetic/aesthetic issue”

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5

Tinea Nigra

Hortaea werneckii Dimorphic (Black mold; Grows as yeast on skin) Mostly found in the tropics Usually young adults and children More common in women than men

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6

Tinea Nigra: Disease

superficial, causes dark pigmentation looks like patch on skin

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7

Tinea Nigra: Transmission

Unknown! Patches do not seem to be infectious

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8

Tinea Nigra: Treatment

Not required -> not dangerous Rarely resolves on its own Antifungal ointment “Cosmetic/aesthetic issue”

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9

Black Piedra

Piedraia hortae Rare (Found in tropical regions ) Associated with poor hygiene

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10

Black Piedra: Disease

unsightly, brown-black nodules on hair strands (gritty)

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11

Black Piedra: Transmission

unknown (not contagious)

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12

Black Piedra: Treatment

removal of hair, hygiene

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13

White Piedra

not dandruff trichosporon found in tropical and subtropical regions associated with poor hygiene

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14

White Piedra: Disease

unsightly, white nodules on hair strands

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15

White Piedra: Transmission

unknown (not contagious)

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16

White Piedra: Treatment

removal of hair hygiene antifungal (shampoo) harder than Black Piedra

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17

Cutaneous Mycoses

invades skin, hair, or nails

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18

Dermatophytosis

different fungi can be the agent of this Trichophyton Epidermophyton Microsporum spore formation

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19

Dermatophytosis: Disease

break down keratin surfaces (nails) also can cause ringworm hair shaft infections

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20

Trichophyton

what is this?

<p>what is this?</p>
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21

Epidermophyton

what is this?

<p>what is this?</p>
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22

Microsporum

what is this?

<p>what is this?</p>
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23

ectothrix

dermatophytosis infection outside hair shaft

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24

endothrix

dermatophytosis infection inside hair shaft

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25

favic

dermatophytosis infection in root of hair

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26

Geophilic Transmission (dermatophytosis)

soil (environment) elicits strong immune response--> may clear infection

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27

Zoophilic Transmission (dermatophytosis)

animals (not humans) elicits strong immune response--> may clear infection

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28

Anthroponoses Transmission (dermatophytosis)

human to human doesn't elicit immune responses--> may cause chronic infections need treatment

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29

Dermatophytosis: Treatment

problem can occur with location antifungal (topical and oral) natural resistance

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30

Subcutaneous Mycoses

"deep skin"

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31

Sporotrichosis

sporothrix schenckii dimorphic fungus

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32

Dimorphic

grows as mold in environment grows as yeast on skin/humans

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33

Sporotrichosis: Epidemiology

environmental (soil, vegetation) animals (armadillo, cats) geography (Japan, North and South America)

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34

Sporotrichosis: Disease

Primary site of infection- small nodule (may ulcerate) Secondary site of infection- migration to draining lymph node

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35

Sporotrichosis: Transmission

wound contact with molds -Environmental: forest work, mining, gardening (STICKS) -Zoonotic: Armadillos, cats

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36

Sporotrichosis: Treatment

self-limiting (very rare) Potassium iodide: easy use and access Antifungals

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37

Sporotrichosis: Prevention

clothing, shoes

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38

Chromoblastomycosis

can be cause by multiple genus/species "wart like nodules"

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39

Chromoblastomycosis: Epidemiology

Environmental: soil, vegetation Geography: tropics

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40

Chromoblastomycosis: Disease

slow growing verrucous nodules or plaques "wart-like" -worried about secondary infections

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41

Chromoblastomycosis: Transmission

wound contact with molds -environmental -wear shoes!

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42

Chromoblastomycosis: Treatment

usually resistant to antifungals by the time it's detected if untreated: chronic infection and squamous cell carcinoma (cell cycle messed up)

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43

Chromoblastomycosis: Prevention

clothing, shoes hands, arms, legs, feet

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44

Eumycotic mycetoma

can be caused by multiple genus/species of fungi "true fungi" infection -certain bacteria can cause the same disease --> treatment differs based on bacteria

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45

Eumycotic mycetoma: Epidemiology

environmental: soil, vegetation geography: tropics with low rainfall

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46

Eumycotic mycetoma: Disease

localized, chronic granulomatous tissue infection destruction of muscle, fascia, and bone

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47

Eumycotic mycetoma: Transmission

wound contact with molds (environmental)

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48

Eumycotic mycetoma: Treatment

resistant to antifungals (may slow spread) amputation

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49

Eumycotic mycetoma: Prevention

clothing

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50

Subcutaneous entomophthoromycosis

same order (Entomophthorales) dimorphic Conidiobolus coronatus Basidiobolus ranarum

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51

Subcutaneous entomophthoromycosis: Epidemiology

environmental: plant debris geography: predominantly observed in Africa

  • Middle East, Asia, Latin America also

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52

Conidiobolus coronatus: Disease

mostly adults facial (nasal cavity --> inhalation)

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53

Conidiobolus coronatus: Transmission

inhalation of spores into nasal cavity

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54

Basidiobolus ranarum: Disease

mostly children appendages (hands and knees primarily)

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55

Basidiobolus ranarum: Transmission

wound contact with mold (crawling increases exposure)

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56

Subcutaneous entomophthoromycosis: Treatment

potassium iodide antifungals

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57

Subcutaneous entomophthoromycosis: Prevention

avoidance (both) Masks (Conidiobolus coronatus) Clothes (Basidiobolus ranarum)

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58

Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis

can be cause by multiple genus/species of fungi infections can range from superficial, subcutaneous, deeply invasive (all three localized) to disseminated (systemic) -want to diagnose as soon as possible

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59

Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis: Epidemiology

soil, wood, and decaying vegetation

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60

Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis: Disease

paulonodules, verrucous, cysts, abscesses, hyper keratotic or ulcerated plaques, pyogranuloma, non-healing ulcers or sinuses

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61

Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis: Transmission

wound contact with molds -environmental: warm temp -exposure, penetration of barrier

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Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis: Treatment

surgical excision antifungals the earlier the better

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63

Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis: Prevention

clothing

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64

Systemic Mycoses

whole body dangerous to immunocompromised (rare) masks --> prevent respiratory infections all are dimorphic Transmission via spore inhalation dose and immune status major factors for severity systemic map: know where the areas are higher risk

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65

Blastomycosis

Blastomyces dermatitidis

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66

Blastomycosis: Epidemiology

decaying organic material United States (MN to east coast minus FL)

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67

Blastomycosis: Disease

primary site of infection: pulmonary disease (<50%) secondary site of infection: skin, bone (genitourinary, CNS) immunocompromised: dissemination more likely

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68

Blastomycosis: Transmission

environment: inhalation -hits warm of respiratory tract, transformed to yeast, can get past the respiratory tract and become systematic

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69

Blastomycosis: Treatment

antifungal --> if caught early

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70

Blastomycosis: Prevention

avoidance and masks

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71

Coccidioides

Coccidioides (multiple species)

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72

Coccidioides: Epidemiology

desert: enhancement with bat and rodent feces (Mexico and Africa) South America

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73

Coccidioides: Disease (low dose)

-Make an immune response --> vaccinate themselves -asymptomatic -self-limiting pulmonary disease -protective memory response

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74

Coccidioides: Disease (high dose/"other factors")

-other factors: state of respiratory tract pulmonary disease: skin, soft tissue, bones, joint, and meninges

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75

Coccidioides: Disease (other)

Immunocompromised: high doses can be lethal Other factors: ethnicity, age- elderly, gender- higher effect in men, Pregnancy- late or postpartum, hormones play a role

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76

Coccidioides: Transmission

dimorphic inhalation

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77

Coccidioides: Treatment

antifungals (those with risk factors) -normally, a healthy individual can fight it off themselves

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78

Coccidioides: Prevention

avoidance, masks

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79

Histoplasmosis

Histoplasmosis capsulati Histoplasmosis duboisii

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80

Histoplasmosis: Epidemiology

caves, decaying buildings (bat and bird feces)

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81

Histoplasmosis capsulati: Disease

North America low dose --> asymptomatic high dose --> pulmonary : systemic-scaring

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82

Histoplasmosis duboisii: Disease

Africa low dose --> asymptomatic high dose --> pulmonary : skin and bone

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83

Histoplasmosis: Transmission

inhalation

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84

Histoplasmosis: Treatment

antifungals --> chronic infections most individuals will be able to fight off

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85

Histoplasmosis: Prevention

avoidance and masks

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86

Paracoccidiodidomycosis

Paracoccidiodidomycosis brasiliensis dimorphic

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87

Paracoccidiodidomycosis: Epidemiology

Brazil ??? no one knows soil?

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88

Paracoccidiodidomycosis: Disease

pulmonary infection: inseminate to skin, mucosa, CNS, bones (if untreated) -ulceration of mouth, lips, gums, and palate At risk: Children (10-19), Men (30-50) -estrogen inhibits mold --> yeast transformation Asymptomatic -Dormant--> reactivation

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89

Paracoccidiodidomycosis: Transmission

respiratory --> inhalation with humidity may also include traumatic inculcation (penetration of barrier)

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Paracoccidiodidomycosis: Treatment

antifungals chronic infection --> long term treatment

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91

Paracoccidiodidomycosis: Prevention

avoidance and masks

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92

Talaromycosis

talaromycosis marneffei

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93

Talaromycosis: Epidemiology

south east Asia ??? don't know bamboo roots? soil?

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94

Talaromycosis: Disease

only in immunocompromised: mimics TB, leishmaniasis, histoplasmosis, cryptococcus (AIDS related opportunistic infections) -hard to diagnose/detect --> lead to wrong diagnosis --> improper treatment Pulmonary infection: skin lesions

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95

Talaromycosis: Transmission

unknown because source is unknown (inhalation?)

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96

Talaromycosis: Treatment

antifungals -difficult to determine when to use if diagnosis is misidentified

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97

Talaromycosis: Prevention

avoidance and masks

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98

Fungi: non-infections

mycotoxins -exotoxins: produced by certain fungi -through inhalation, ingestion, or contact -notable mycotoxins

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99

Alfatoxins: Source

corn, nuts (can be aerosolized)

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100

Alfatoxins: Disease

-carcinogen (activates proto-oncogenes) -associated with hepatitis and other liver problems

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