Neuro-Muscular Anatomy, Physiology, and Signal Transmission

What is the sarcolemma?

The sarcolemma is the cell membrane of a muscle cell.

What is the axolemma?

The axolemma is the cell membrane of an axon.

What is the function of the axon hillock?

The axon hillock is the part of a neuron where action potentials are initiated.

What are T-tubules and their role in muscle cells?

T-tubules are extensions of the sarcolemma that penetrate into the muscle cell, facilitating the transmission of action potentials.

Name the types of neuroglial cells.

Types of neuroglial cells include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and Schwann cells.

What are gated ion channels and their role in muscle contraction?

Gated ion channels open or close in response to stimuli, allowing ions to flow across the membrane, which is essential for muscle contraction and nerve signal transmission.

What proteins are involved in the sliding filament model of muscle contraction?

Key proteins include myosin, actin, troponin, and tropomyosin.

What is the cross bridge cycle in muscle contraction?

The cross bridge cycle refers to the process where myosin heads bind to actin, pull, and then release, leading to muscle contraction.

What role does calcium play in muscle and neuron function?

Calcium ions trigger muscle contraction and are involved in neurotransmitter release at synapses.

What are the different types of potentials in neurons?

Types of potentials include resting potential, action potential, local potential, and post-synaptic potential.

How does chemical synaptic transmission work?

Chemical synaptic transmission involves the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron, which bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, leading to a response.

What are the different types of muscle twitch fibers?

Muscle twitch fiber types include slow-twitch (Type I) and fast-twitch (Type II) fibers.

How is synaptic transmission terminated?

Synaptic transmission is terminated by the reuptake of neurotransmitters, enzymatic degradation, or diffusion away from the synapse.