Midterm: Etymological Notes & Shaded Blocks

Lesson 1 - 8

How many prefixes can a word contain?

Can a prefix follow a combining form?

More than one

Yes, it can follow a combining form

What is the function of suffixes?

Form nouns, adjectives, and verbs or adverbs

What does it mean that most nouns are abstract?

They indicate a state, quality, condition, procedure, or process

In the given meaning of a word, what do brackets indicate?

Brackets indicate the original meaning of a Greek word when the modern meaning differs from the original meaning

What is the name for a certain combination of a combining form and a certain suffix?

A suffix form

Where does the word migraine originate from?

What does it mean?

Meaning — severe form of headache, usually unilateral

migraine (French), megrim (British), emicránia from hemicrania / hemikrania (Greek; means “pain on one side of the head”)

Where does the word toxic come from?

Ancient Greeks used to smear poison on their arrowheads for use in hunting (toxicon pharmakon)

What is a toxicologist?

Toxophilite?

Toxicity?

Neurotoxicity?

Specialist in the field of poisons and toxins

Lover (philos) of archery

Extent, quality, or degree of being poisonous; also used to describe specific poisonous effects as in neurotoxicity

Capability of harming nerve cells or tissues

What does the suffix -osis indicate?

What does it indicate when attached to a combining form indicating an organ or a part of the body?

What are some examples of each case?

Indicates an abnormal condition (Ex. neurosis, psychosis)

Usually indicates a noninflammatory diseased condition (Ex. nephrosis, endometriosis)

What is the meaning when the suffix -osis is combined with the combining form -cyt?

What about when it follows the combining form for an adjective?

What are some examples of each case?

Means an abnormal increase in number of the type of cell indicated (Ex. leukocytosis, erythrocytosis)

Indicates the abnormality characterized by the meaning of the adjective (Ex. stenosis narrowing of a passage, sclerosis hardening of tissues, cyanosis bluish discoloration of a part)

What is the meaning of Stenosis?

Sclerosis?

Cyanosis?

Narrowing of a passage

Hardening of tissues

Bluish discoloration of a part

What are the words that have special meanings when ending in -osis?

What are their meanings?

Anastomosis a surgical or pathological connection between two passages

Exostosis a bony growth arising from the surface of a bone

Aponeurosis a sheet of tissue connecting muscles to bones

Symbiosis the living together in close association of two organisms of different species

Antibiosis the association between two organisms in which one is harmful to the other

What is the adjectival form for words ending in -osis?

-otic

What is the meaning of the word etiology?

Where does this meaning stem from?

What is the usual abbreviation of the word in medical dictionaries?

Of a disease or abnormal condition, the cause or origin

Meaning comes from the Greek noun aitia (cause, origin) with the suffix form -logy

Abbreviates to etiol

What are the main four noun-forming suffixes used to form names of chemical substances?

-ate, -ide, -ite, and -one

What does it mean when a combining form is preceded by a hyphen (e.g., -em-)?

They are only found following a prefix or another combining form

What do words beginning with or containing coli- usually refer to?

Usually refer to colon bacillus, Escherichia coli

What do words containing cyst(i)- usually refer to?

Usually refer to the urinary bladder

What do words containing cholecyst- usually refer to?

Usually refer to the gallbladder

Where did the meaning of the word surgeon come from?

Came indirectly from the two Greek words cheir (hand) and ergon (action, work)

What came about from the Greek noun ergon?

What do these words mean?

What other words came from this Greek noun?

The words synergy and synergism

Both words mean “an action of two or more agents, muscles, or organs working with each other, cooperatively”

Synergia, Synergic, Synergetic, and Synergist

What is the meaning of the word Anastomosis?

Surgical or pathological connection of two tubular structures

What is the meaning of the word Arteriovenous Anastomosis?

An opening between an artery and a vein

What do words ending in -stomy indicate?

Indicates surgical procedures

What is the meaning of the word Enteroenterostomy?

Creation of a communication between two noncontiguous segments of the intestine

What is the meaning of the word Colostomy?

Opening of a portion of the colon to the skin surface of the abdomen

The opening is known as a Stoma (pl. Stomata / Stomas)

What does the suffix -oma indicate?

What are some examples and what do these words mean?

An abnormal or diseased condition OR an abnormal growth of tissue / a tumor

Ex. Trachoma (chronic contagious form of bacterial conjunctivitis) and Glaucoma (destructive disease of the eye caused by increased intraocular pressure)

What are some examples of malignant tumors?

Sarcoma malignant tumor originating in mesenchymal tissue, such as muscle (myosarcoma) or bone (osteosarcoma)

What is the meaning of the word Angiosarcoma?

What is another name for this word?

Tumor arising in the muscular tissue of a blood vessel

Also called a Hemangiosarcoma

What is the meaning of the word Neurosarcoma?

Sarcoma containing nerve cells

What does the word element to which the suffix -oma is affixed to indicate?

Either the location of the growth or its nature

What is the meaning of the word Hepatoma?

Nephroma?

Cholangioma?

Hemangioma?

Hematoma?

Tumor of the liver

Tumor of a kidney

A tumor of the bile ducts

A tumor of the blood vessels (swelling consists of dilated blood vessels)

A swelling comprising a mass of blood, which occurs when ruptured blood vessels flood the nearby tissues

What is the meaning of the word Melanoma?

Melanomatosis?

Malignant tumor composed of darkly pigmented cells (melanocytes)

Formation of numerous melanomas on or beneath the skin

What is the meaning of the word Oncogenesis?

Oncology?

Tumor formation and development

Branch of medicine that addresses cancer care, diagnostics, therapeutics, and research

What does the combining form -cele indicate?

How is it generally used?

Indicates an abnormal swelling

Generally used as a suffixed element of a word, usually meaning hernia

What is a hernia, as meant in the combining form -cele?

Protrusion of an organ or part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it

What is the meaning of the word Cystocele?

Rectocele?

Hernia of the bladder

Hernia of the rectum into the vagina

What is the secondary meaning of the combining form -cele?

Indicates a swelling caused by an abnormal accumulation of fluid

What is the meaning of the word Hydrocele?

An accumulation of serous fluid in a saclike structure such as the scrotum in a newborn male child

What is the meaning of the word Keloid?

What is the combining form kel- an alternate form of?

Scarlike growth of tissue on the skin

Alternate form of cel-

What does the term cyst refer to?

Refers to either a cyst or the urinary bladder

What is the meaning of the word Dermoid Cyst?

Ovarian Cyst?

Cystalgia?

Cholecystitis?

Cyst containing elements of hair, teeth, or skin

Sac that develops in the ovary

Pain in the bladder

Inflammation of the gallbladder wall

What do words containing cholecyst- refer to?

Refers to the Gallbladder

What is the meaning of the word Dacryocyst?

Cystoid?

The lacrimal sac in ophthalmology

The growth called a cyst

What is the meaning of the word Colinephritis?

Inflammation of the kidney caused by the presence of Escherichia coli

What is the Arachnoidea?

A thin, delicate membrane that is the intermediate of the three that enclose the brain and spinal cord

What are the three membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord?

1. Pia Mater (innermost)

2. Arachnoidea

3. Dura Mater (outermost)

What is the meaning of the phrase Subdural Hematoma?

What causes it and how severe is it?

Caused by venous blood occupying the subdural space of the brain

Caused by the result of trauma and can result in severe or steady headaches and sometimes coma

What is the meaning of the word Meningitis?

Inflammation of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord

What does the combining form Myel- refer to?

What is the meaning of the word Myeloma?

Multiple Myeloma?

Refers to either bone marrow or the spinal cord

Tumor originating in the bone marrow

Neoplastic disease characterized by the infiltration of bone and bone marrow by myeloma cells forming multiple tumor masses that lead to pathological fractures

What is the meaning of the word Poliomyelitis?

Postpolio Syndrome (PPS)?

Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord; also known as Infantile Paralysis or Polio

Development of motor and respiratory weakness, limb muscle atrophy, and fatigue 15 to 25 years after an acute episode of paralytic poliomyelitic

What is the meaning of Jaundice?

What is another term for it?

Condition that manifests itself externally by a yellow staining of the skin caused by the deposition of bile pigments

Another term for it is Icterus

What is the meaning of “scleral icterus”?

Describes the yellow staining of the sclera (the white part of the eye) often associated with jaundice

What is the meaning of the word Hypochondrium?

Epigastrium?

Hypochondria?

Soft part of the abdomen beneath the cartilage of the lower ribs, the upper central region of the abdomen over the pit of the stomach and located on either side of the Epigastrium

Area in which the gallbladder, liver, and spleen are situated

Melancholy state for which there is no apparent cause

What does is mean that Greek verbs are Conjugated?

There are different endings for persona and number, and sometimes for tense, mood, and voice

Why do we used Compound Suffix Forms?

Some combining forms of verbs have become so commonly used in a certain form and meaning as to remain fixed as the Compound Suffix Forms

What is the name of Tetanus related to linguistically?

What were some signs of this disease?

What is a common other name for the disease?

Related linguistically to the nouns tasis (stretching) and tonos (tension)

Some signs include stiffness of the muscles of the jaw, esophagus, and neck

Disease is often called lockjaw

What is the meaning of the word Opisthotonos?

Emprosthotonos?

Pleurothotonos?

Orthotonos?

Position where the body is stretched backward in a tetanic spasm

Position where the body is stretched forward

Position where the body is stretched to the side

Position where the body is held rigidly stretched in a straight line

What is Tetanospasmin?

What produces it?

Toxin that causes the life-threatening illness Tetanus

Produced in infected wounds by the bacillus Clostridium tetani

What is the meaning of the word Idiopathic?

For a disease, one with an uncertain or undetermined cause

What is the Parotid gland?

What is the name for inflammation of this gland?

What is the name for the contagious form of this inflammation that causes Mumps?

Gland that runs alongside the ear, which supplies saliva to the mouth

Parotitis

Paramyxovirus

What is Rheum?

Rheumatism?

Watery discharge; used in the sense of a discharge of liquid from the body

Thought to be caused by the flowing of the humors in the body

Where does the word Capillary come from?

What is the meaning of the word Telangiectasia?

Comes from the Latin word capillaris, meaning ‘pertaining to hair’ (capillus)

Vascular lesion formed by dilation of a group of small blood vessels

What does the combining form Ox- indicate?

Oxy-?

Indicates the presence of oxygen

Can indicate either rapid or acid

What is the meaning of the word Edema?

Hydrops / Hydropsy?

A swelling caused by an accumulation of fluid in tissue

Name for if the condition (Edema) is generalized over large areas of the body

What is the condition Ascites?

“The baggy disease”; named from the baggy aspect of the human body resulting from the accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity

What is the meaning of Amnion?

Thin, transparent sac in which the fetus is suspended, surrounded by the amniotic fluid (called the Liquor Amnii), which protects the fetus from injury

What is the meaning of Amniocentesis?

Puncturing of the abdomen with a long, thin, hollow needle and the removal of a small amount of the amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus

What is the meaning of the word Hydrophobia?

Literally translated to mean ‘fear of water’; fatal disease characterized by excruciating spasms of the throat muscles whenever the victim attempts to drink, even though the victim is at the point of death from dehydration

Also called Rabies

What is the meaning of the word Phrenic?

Pertaining to the diaphragm or mind

What is the meaning of the word Physiognomy?

Serodiagnosis?

Immunodiagnosis?

Human countenance

Diagnosis based on tests of serum including immunological tests and Immunodiagnosis

The use of immunocytochemistry, detection of lymphocyte markers, and other strategies to diagnose autoimmune diseases and disorders

What is the meaning of the word Phytochemistry?

Phytotoxin?

Dermatophyte?

Osteophyte?

Study of plant chemistry

Poison derived from plants

Fungal parasite growing in or on the skin

Bony outgrowth

What is the meaning of the word Trichinosis?

Disease caused by ingesting the larvae of the parasitic worm Trichinella spiralis by eating raw or insufficiently cooked pork or wild game meat

What is the meaning of the word Trophic?

Hypotrophy?

Atrophy?

Hypertrophy?

Concerned with nourishment

Gradual degeneration and loss of function of tissue—usually muscle tissue—resulting from a decrease in the flow of blood to that part

Decrease in size of a part resulting from lack of cell nourishment, which occurs with long periods of nonuse of muscles in bedridden individuals

Increase in the size of an organ or part as a consequence of increased absorption of nutrients

What is the meaning of the phrase Cardiac Hypertrophy?

Increase in the size of the heart resulting from overgrowth of tissues of the heart muscle; caused by continued stress beyond normal limits

What is the meaning of the word Amyotrophy?

Dystrophy?

Muscular Dystrophy?

Muscular atrophy

Name given to any disorder of the body caused by defective nutrition, such as Muscular Dystrophy

Familial disease characterized by progressive atrophy of muscles

What is the meaning of the word Euphoria?

Dysphoria?

Sense of well-being or comfort

Sense of discomfort

What is the meaning of the word Ankylosis?

Ankylosing Spondylitis?

Abnormal immobility of a joint cause by some pathological changes in the joint or its surrounding tissue

A progressive condition in which inflammatory changes and new bone formation occur at the site of attachment of tendons and ligaments to bone

What is the meaning of the word Hermaphrodite?

A person with the genital organs of both sexes

What does the ending -plasty refer to?

-tropism?

Refer to plastic or restorative surgery

Refer to the turning of living organisms toward (positive tropism) or away from (negative tropism) an external stimulus

What does the ending -clast indicate?

-stat?

-meter?

-tome?

Indicate an instrument or device for breaking or crushing

Indicate a device or agent for stopping the flow of something

Indicate an instrument for measuring

Indicate a device for cutting or excising

Where does the something something prostat- come from?

Comes from the prostate gland, which was called prostatēs because of its location in front of the bladder and urethra

Boiling point of water?

Body temperature?

Freezing point of water?

100˚C / 212˚F

37˚C / 98.6˚F

0˚C / 32˚F

What does it mean that Latin (and Greek) is an inflected language?

Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives have different endings to indicate their grammatical function in a sentence

What are the five classifications / groups that Latin nouns are divided into?

Which three classifications produce most English derivatives?

Declensions

The first three declensions

What is the meaning of the phrase os coxae?

Cervix Vesicae?

Bone of the hip

Neck of the bladder

What is the meaning of the phrase Cervix Uteri?

Icterus Neonatorum?

Neck of the uterus

Jaundice of newborns

What can the genitive singular of nouns of the first, second, and third declensions be translated into?

The word of

What is the meaning of the word Corona Dentis?

Crown of the tooth

For the first and second declensions of Latin nominative endings, what are the singular endings?

Plural endings?

Singular:

• Masculine — -us

• Feminine — -a

• Neuter — -um

Plural:

• Masculine — ī

• Feminine — -ae

• Neuter — -a

For the third declension of Latin nominative endings, what are the singular endings?

Plural endings?

Singular:

• Masculine / Feminine — s

• Neuter — *

Plural:

• Masculine / Feminine — -ēs

• Neuter — -(i)a

For the fourth declension of Latin nominative endings, what are the singular endings?

Plural endings?

Singular:

• Masculine — -us

• Neuter — -u

Plural:

• Masculine — -ūs

• Neuter — -ua

For the fifth declension of Latin nominative endings, what are the singular endings?

Plural endings?

Singular:

• Feminine — -ēs

Plural:

• Feminine — -ēs

For Latin suffixes, what connecting vowels do we typically use?

Usually i, but sometimes o or u

What is the purpose of the English adverb-forming suffix -ad?

What does it indicate?

Forms adverbs from nouns

Indicates direction toward a part of the body

What is the meaning of the word dextrad?

Sinistrad?

Cephalad?

Toward the right side

Toward the left side

Toward the head

What do diminutive suffixes express?

What are some examples of diminutive suffixes?

Express the idea of smallness / small

-cle, -ella, -il, -ola, -ule, -culus, -ellum, -illa, -olus, -ulus

What is the meaning of the word Rubella?

Roseola?

Variola?

Varicella?

German Measles; named for the “little red things” that accompany this disease

Skin condition marked by maculae or red spots; named for the “little reddish things” that characterize this condition

Smallpox

Chickenpox

What is the meaning of the term Medulla Oblongata?

Cerebellum?

Auricle?

Lowest part of the brain stem

Portion of the brain forming the largest part of the rhombencephalon

Portion of the external ear not contained within the head

What is the meaning of the word Chancre?

Venereal ulcer, an outward manifestation of Symphilis