anatomy and physiology honors chapter 1

anatomy

the study of the structure of body parts (morphology)

physiology

the study of the function of body parts

list in order from least to most complex the levels of structural organization

atoms→ molecules → cells → tissues → organ → organ system → organism

examples of each level

atoms - hydrogen, lithium, etc.

molecules - H₂O, CO₂

cells - osteocytes (bone cells), myocytes (muscle cells), cardiocytes (heart cells)

tissues - Muscular, Epithelial, Nervous, Connective (MENC)

organs - liver, heart, lungs, etc.

organ systems - digestive, cardiovascular, nervous, etc.

organism - humans

CCT-OSO

Chemical (atoms and molecules) , Cells, Tissues, Organ, Organ System, Organism

4 types of tissues and examples of each

MENC

• muscular - helps with movement; ex. cardiac, skeletal, smooth

• epithelial - lines body cavities; ex. blood vessels, glands

• nervous - sends and receives information about stimuli; ex. neurons, neuroglia

• connective - most dominant; ex. blood and bone (solid), cartilage and adipose (loose)

11 organ systems

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Male/Female Reproductive

Integumentary System function and major organs

• encloses internal body structures

• site of many sensory receptors

• hair, skin, nails

Skeletal System function and major organs

• supports the body and enables movement (with muscular system)

• bones, cartilage, joints

Muscular System function and major organs

• enables movement (with skeletal system) and helps maintain body temperature

• skeletal muscles, tendons

Nervous System function and major organs

• detects and processes sensory information

• activates bodily responses

• brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

Endocrine System function and major organs

• secretes hormones and regulates bodily temperatures

• pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes/ovaries

Cardiovascular System function and major organs

• delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues

• equalizes temperature in the body

• heart, blood vessels

Lymphatic System function and major organs

• returns fluid to blood and defends against pathogens

• thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels

Respiratory System function and major organs

• removes carbon dioxide from the body and delivers oxygen to the blood

• nasal passage, trachea, lungs

Digestive System function and major organs

• processes food for use by the body

• removes wastes from undigested food

• stomach, liver, gall bladder, large/small intestine

Urinary System function and major organs

• controls water balance in the body

• removes wastes from blood and excretes them

• kidneys, urinary bladder

Male Reproductive System function and major organs

• produces sex hormones and gametes

• delivers gametes to female

• epididymis, testes

Female Reproductive System function and major organs

• produces sex hormones and gametes

• supports embryo/fetus until birth

• produces milk for infant

• mammary glands, ovaries, uterus

Disease

more specific term for illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms

Disorder

any disturbance of structure and/or function

Diagnosis

identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by examination of the symptoms

Sign vs. Symptom

• Sign - objective changes that can be observed

• Symptom - objective changes in body functions that are not apparent to the observer

Homeostasis

• the body’s maintenance of a stable environment

• 3 parts of negative/positive feedback loops:

  • receptors detect a change

  • brain (control center) compares the change to the set point

  • effectors respond to correct the change

positive feedback

• encourages something that needs to be done (reinforces)

• ex. blood clotting

negative feedback

• reverses changes

• ex. if body temperature increases, we sweat to reverse the change and decrease body temperature

anatomical position

standing up straight, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward

directional term for above

superior

directional term for below

inferior

directional term for toward the front

anterior or ventral

directional term for toward the back

posterior or dorsal

directional term for closer to the sides

lateral

directional term for closer to the midline

medial

directional term for same side

ipsilateral

directional term for opposite side

contralateral

directional term for closer to the point of attachment

proximal

directional term for farther from the point of attachment

distal

directional term for closer to the surface

superficial or peripheral

directional term for more internal

deep

term for lying on the back

supine

term for lying on the stomach

prone

major body sections (cuts/planes)

• sagittal - divides left/right

• transverse or horizontal - divides superior/inferior

• coronal or frontal - divides anterior/posterior

• cross-section - a cut across a cylindrical organ

• oblique section - an angular cut across a cylindrical organ

• longitudinal section - a lengthwise cut

• midsagittal plane - divides body/organ into left/right down the middle

5 major human body cavities

Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic, Cranial, Vertebral (Spinal)

thoracic cavity organs

lungs, heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland

abdominal cavity organs

stomach, liver, spleen, gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas

pelvic cavity organs

terminal end of the large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs

cranial cavity organs

brain

vertebral/spinal cavity organs

spinal cord

diaphragm muscle

divides the thoracic and abdominal cavity

9 regions of the abdominal area

Right Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Left Hypochondriac

Right Lumbar, Umbilical, Left Lumbar

Right Iliac, Hypogastric, Left Iliac

right hypochondriac region organs

liver, gall bladder, right kidney, small intestine

epigastric region organs

stomach, liver, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, adrenal glands

left hypochondriac region organs

spleen, colon, left kidney, pancreas

right lumbar region organs

gall bladder, liver, right colon

umbilical region organs

umbilicus (navel), parts of small intestine

left lumbar region organs

descending colon, left kidney

right iliac region organs

appendix, cecum, right ovaries

hypogastric region organs

urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, female reproductive organs

left iliac region organs

descending colon, sigmoid colon, left ovaries

serous membranes

• double layered membranes

• two types: parietal and visceral

• purposes - protects organs, prevents diseases from spreading, prevents friction between organs

parietal serous membranes

• lines the cavities

• 3 types:

  • parietal pleura - lines the thoracic cavity

  • parietal pericardium - lines the heart cavity

  • parietal peritoneum - lines the abdominal cavity

visceral serous membranes

• viscera = organ

• covers the organs

• 3 types:

  • visceral pleura - covers the right/left lungs

  • visceral pericardial - covers the heart

  • visceral peritoneum - covers each organ in the abdominal cavity

which system does this apply to: body movement of the trunk and limbs; provides structure and support

muscular

which system does this apply to: eliminates wastes; maintains water and chemical balance

urinary

which system does this apply to: defends and protects the body against infection and disease

lymphatic

which system does this apply to: maintains homeostasis by secreting hormones

endocrine

which system does this apply to: produces sperm and eggs; produces offspring

reproductive

which system does this apply to: delivers oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from the blood

respiratory

which system does this apply to: makes food soluble and passes nutrients to the blood

digestive

which system does this apply to: regulates most body systems with impulses transmitted by neurons

nervous

which system does this apply to: allows for support, protection, attachment of muscles, stores nutrients and produces blood

skeletal

which system does this apply to: protects against pathogens and water loss; contains sensory receptors

integumentary

which system does this apply to: transports oxygen carbon dioxide, and nutrients to and from all body tissues

cardiovascular

which system does this apply to: returns tissue fluid to the blood and destroys pathogens that enter the body

lymphatic

term for forehead

frontal

term for cheek

buccal

term for nose

nasal

term for mouth

oral

term for face

facial

term for eye

orbital

term for ear

otic

term for neck

cervical

term for chin

mental

term for chest

thoracic

term for armpit

axillary

term for arm

brachial

term for elbow

antecubital

term for forearm

antebrachial

term for wrist

carpal

term for thumb

pollex

term for palm

palmar

term for fingers

digital

term for leg

crural

term for kneecap

patellar

term for ankle

tarsal

term for calf

sural

term for thigh

femoral

term for toes

digital

term for foot

pedal

term for sole of the foot

plantar