APWH Final Vocab!

Abbasid Caliphate

The third caliphate after the prophet Muhammad, became the center of science, culture, and invention in Islam's Golden Age.

Dar al-Islam

The Dominion or House of Islam, any home community or state allowing the practice of Islam. The Islamic World

Sufis

People who searched for a personal union with God, people that follow Sufism.

Bedouin

The nomadic tribe in the Arabian Peninsula that controlled the entire peninsula before the rise of the Islamic State.

Hadith

A collection of traditions containing the preachings and daily accounts of Muhammad.

Caliph

The ruler of the Islamic state, the emperor, led military campaigns.

Sikhism

Founded in India, a combination of Muslim & Hinduism.

5 Pillars

5 laws/rules containing the basic norms of Islamic practice.

Shari'a

Islamic law

Sunni

One sect of Islam, the majority. Wanted elected leaders. (Ottoman)

Shia

One sect of Islam, the minority. Wanted a bloodline rule. (Safavid)

Sultan

A Muslim king or sovereign, Turkey

Mansa Musa

Ruled over Mali during its territorial peak, known for his extensive wealth, the most in history.

Timbuktu

A city in Mali, flourished in trade.

Song Dynasty

An imperial dynasty of China, known for its economic and naval strength, they flourished militarily and in trade.

Confucianism

A Chinese belief system focusing on personal ethics and morality, heavily present during the Song Dynasty.

Filial Piety

A Chinese based attitude of respect for parents and ancestors, especially that of the male head of the family.

Imperial Bureaucracy

A Chinese organization in which appointed officials would carry out/enforce the policies of the emperor and the empire.

Neo-Confucianism

A type of religion that stemmed from Confucianist Buddhist, and Daoist elements, stemmed in India.

Champa Rice

A type of fast-ripening rice that aided China in its population growth.

Grand Canal

A canal in China that connected the agricultural south to the populated north, extended during the Song Dynasty.

Steel & Iron Production

Expanded rapidly during the Song Dynasty in East Asia, iron and steel were used for nails/tools/steel tips/swords and many more uses.

Scholar Gentry

The Chinese landowning families, very wealthy and held most of the power in government too.

White Lotus Society

The rebellion group that secretly met and eventually overthrew the Yuan/Mongol Dynasty in China.

Ghengis Khan

Founder and first Khan of the Mongol Empire, known for great military strength and rapid expansion.

Short Bow & Horse

The short bow was the main weapon used in the Mongol army, usually with a horse, allowing for attacks much quicker than other countries were used to.

Grand Council

The Council of Mongol khans that established the Khan of all Khans, decides the emperor.

Khanates

An area/territory ruled by the Mongol Empire and its khan.

Kublai Khan

A ruler of the Mongol Empire that ruled over the Yuan Dynasty, China, and Siberia. Ruled it at the height of its growth.

Yuan Dynasty

A Mongol-led Imperial Dynasty that ruled over the area of China, it implemented its culture into China and was led by Kublai Khan.

Golden Horde

The Mongol Khanates army that attempted to conquer the area of Russia & Siberia, led by Batu.

Marco Polo

A Venetian merchant/explorer who traveled throughout Asia along the Silk Road, his words of the East inspired lots of travelers to visit Asia.

Pax Mongolica

During the Mongolian Golden Age, trade flourished and its military expanded and became stronger.

Bubonic Plague

A plague found in China spread throughout trade routes and did lots of damage in Europe.

Indian Ocean Trade

Trade between India, East Africa, and the Philippines; traded lots of non-perishables and natural resources.

Silk Road

A land trade route stretching from East Asia to Europe, traded lots of luxury goods (silk) as well as more common goods.

Trans-Saharan Trade

A land trade route along West Africa that traded manufactured goods from the North with agricultural goods from the south, as well as Sultan Gold.

Monsoon Winds

The strong and reliable winds in the Indian Ocean that allowed for easy, quick, and predictable travels for merchants.

Spice Islands

A group of islands along the east of Indonesia, containing an extensive amount of nutmeg, mace, and cloves, participated actively in the Indian Ocean Trade.

Ibn-Battuta

A scholar & explorer who traveled in Afro-Eurasia and spread word of these lands to the Islamic people.

Marco Polo (with Silk road)

He traveled on the Silk Road and a confidant for Kublai Khan, he traveled along the trade route and told the Europeans of the glories of the Mongol Empire.

Zheng He

A Chinese mariner/explorer that commanded 7 treasure voyages throughout Asia and in East Africa, his naval fleet was known for its size and power. Followed the Yongle Dynasty.

Samurai

A group of military/warriors that protected the lords of any certain territory, the Knights of Japan.

Bushido

A moral code followed in Japan mainly concerning samurais, focused on frugality, loyalty, sincerity, martial arts, and honor.

Shogunate

The hereditary military dictatorship of Japan, they ruled the military and listened to him, but they grew in power as the emperor's lost power.

Daimyo

The lords and vassals of Japan, the landowning aristocracy.

Zen Buddhism

A school of Buddhism that developed in China during the Tang Dynasty, a mixture of Daoism and Buddhism.

Feudalism

The dominant political system in Europe, nobility held the most power, granting land to lords, who granted land to knights for protection or peasants for food.

Manorial System

A sociopolitical system in which a lord owns a set amount of land and the peasants remained dependent on that land and the lord, they could not leave without permission.

Serfdom

The condition of all serfs, the lowest level of society, peasants.

Christian Church (in Europe)(What is its role)

The church taught that God appointed the divine rights of kings, making them most powerful. They gave land to lords, who could have their peasants' religious rights revoked by bishops.

Chivalry

The medieval social conduct Code of Chivalry regarding the behavior of knights and other men in society.

Syncretism

The blending of religions/culture. (Zen Buddhism)

Tamerlane

The first Turkic ruler that conquered vast areas and formed the empire that would split and become 3 gunpowder empires.

Ghazi Ideal

A model for warrior life that blended nomadic culture with the willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam.

Mehmed II

An Ottoman ruler who conquered many areas including Constantinople, renamed it to Istanbul

Istanbul

A hub for trade and Islam that was under Ottman rule, was the Ottoman capital for centuries.

Suleiman I

ruled over the Ottoman Empire at its height, conquering many areas in North Africa and around the Mediterranean, but never Vienna.

Janissaries

An elite group of military soldiers formed in the Ottoman Empire, they carried out the Sultan's will

Harem Politics

The efforts of wives & concubines to promote their son as the best heir for the throne, corrupting the Ottoman Empire.

Devshirme

the process of taking Christian boys and enlisting them as holy fighters for Islam, they became very well-educated

Sultan

A muslim soverign, the king of the Ottoman Empire.

Ismail

Founder of the Safavid Dynasty, conquered all of Iran and pushed into Iraq, using Shi'a Islam as a unifying force

Shah Abbas I

A Safavid King that presided over the empire's height

Babur

Founder of the Mughal empire, descendant of Tamerlane

Akbar

Ruled over the Mughal empire during its height, known for amazing civil service and religious tolerance

Zamindars

The landowning wealthy, collected taxes and carried out the emperor's will in the Mughal Empire

Taj Mahal

Built by Shah Jahan as a memorial for his dead wife

St.Petersburg

it holds some great Russian monuments and is home to many scientific/technological advancements.

The Palace at Versailles

Built by King Louis XIV to hold all the nobles in one place in case anybody wanted to overthrow him

Divine Rights of Kings

kings using religion to legitimize rule, stated that they were chosen by God to become a King.

Protestant Reformation

A major movement in Christianity in which two sects were formed, The Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church

Martin Luther

Saw the injustice the Church was committing, especially with that of the sale of indulgences, and formed an essay of 95 Theses

95 Theses

Written by Martin Luther to show the injustices of the Church

Omani-European Rivalry

Trade rivalry between Muslim merchants and European Explorers for land in Oman and trade rights in the Indian ocean

rudder

Steering device, usually a vertical blade attached to a post at, or near, the stern of the boat

Astolabe

Measured latitude and helped explorers navigate better at sea.

magnetic compass

Chinese invention that aided navigation by showing which direction was north

Lanteen sails

A triangular instead of square sail, caught more wind and allowed for more maneuverability

Mercantilism

The idea of selling as many goods as possible while importing/buying as few goods as possible; increased a country's amount of gold & silver

trading post empire

A form of dominance based on trade rather than the conquering of lots of people; Portuguese controlled lots of land and islands around Africa & the Indian Ocean

North West Passage

A sea route connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the mainland of North America.

Indentured Servitude

A form of labor where an individual is under contract to serve their employer for a certain number of years, they get land/food in return after a set amount of years.

Chattel Slavery

A form of slavery in which people were considered property to be bought and sold, became the roots of traditional American slavery.

Middle Passage

The ocean routes in the Atlantic ocean that took millions of africans from their home to the North & South Americas, was part of the Triangular Trade Routes

Encomienda System

A spanish labor system in which conquerors used coerced labor to get natives to work the fields for crops.

Hacienda System

A form of labor in the Americas in which landowners kept the natives working in debt and in horrible living conditions.

Mit'a System

A system of coerced labor in which Native American villages sent a percentage of their male population to work in the silver mines.

Japanese Isolationism

A time period in which Japan's external reach was severely limited, partly due to them not wanting their culture to be influenced and lost; due to the spread of Christianity in their kingdom resulting in the destruction of some Buddhist shrines.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A treaty between the Spanish & Portuguese that divided their territories in a median line; giving the Spanish everything West (Argentina, Mexico, Peru) and the Portuguese everything East (Brazil)

Sepoys

An INDIAN (FROM INDIA) serving under British rule

joint-stock company

Large, investor-backed companies that sponsored European exploration by government or private funding; included little risk and lots of reward

Triangular Trade

Trade between Africa, America, and Europe.

Ethnic Cleansing

The mass expulsion or killing of the members of one culture/religion/race

Syncretism (African & Christian)

Created the beliefs of ghosts and many more beliefs that originated in Africa, and blended with Christian beliefs

sugar

Produced in Brazil & the Caribbean, used as a cash crop and sold extensively to the Europeans

Silver

Mined in south America, sold extensively to the Chinese since it was very important in their economy

Commercial Revolution

The shift of the global economy to trade, since more trade routes were opened and inflation was occurring at high rates.

Ana Nzinga

A woman king of an African tribe that rebelled against Portuguese rule and created a nation that became a safe-haven for African slaves.

Pugachev Rebellion

The main revolt in Russia, that ultimately failed and led to more oppression of serfs, that spoke out against the mistreatment of serfs and unfair labor.