Botany 2.1 2.2

Robert Hooke

discovered and coined the term “cell” Father of Cytology

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

Father of Microbiology

Matthias Jakob Schleiden

described that the cell is the basic building

Theodor Schwann

stated that “cell is the basic unit of life”

Hugo von Mohl

First person to use the word “protoplasm”

Rudolf Virchow

German Physiologist, physician, pathologist and anthropologist

Louis Pasteur

Came up with the process of pasteurization

Jan Evangelista Purkinje

named the cell contents as protoplasm

Prokaryotes

first cell type on earth

Eukaryotes

with true-membrane-bound nucleus

Cell wall

provides structure, support and protection

middle lamella, primary cell wall and secondary cell wall

three layers of the cell wall

Middle lamella

cements cell walls of two adjoining cells together

Primary cell wall

relatively thin and flexible and extensible layer

Secondary cell wall

thick cell layer, formed inside the primary cell wall

Plasmalemma

Covers the surface of the protoplasm, Selectively permeable

Lipid bilayer

Phospholipid molecules

Proteins

Composition of membrane

Protoplasm

Mass of proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and water within a cell

Nucleus

Control center of the cell

Nuclear envelope

separates nucleus from the rest of the cell

Nuclear pores

involved in the transport of material between the nucleus and the rest of the protoplasm

Nucleoplasm

nuclear sap

Chromatin

a mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins

Nucleolus

makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA

Central Vacuole

stores both nutrient reserves, water products, and wastes

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

Stroma

innermost matrix

Thylakoids

flattened sacs

Amyloplasts

non-pigmented organelles

Chromoplasts

highly colored

Endoplasmic reticulum

as manufacturing and packaging system

rough ER

ER for protein synthesis

smooth ER

ER for carbohydrate and lipid synthesis

Golgi apparatus

Packaging and shipping station of cell

Microbodies

smallest membrane-bound organelle

Peroxisomes

occur primarily in leaves

Glyoxysomes

house the glyoxylic acid cycle

Cytosol

semi-fluid matrix between organelles

Microtubules

fibrous, hollow rods

Microfilaments

thinnest filaments

Plasmodesmata

bridges between two plant cells

Primary pit-fields

endomembrane

Desmotubule

clusters where primary cell walls are particularly thin

Intercellular space

space between cells

Chromatid

each strand of a duplicated chromosome.

Centromeres

the area where each pair of chromatids is joined.

Telomeres

is to stop the ends of chromosomes from sticking to each other.  

Interphase

is when the cell grows, and the organelles double prior to the actual splitting of the nucleus

Growth 1 (G₁)

Synthesis (S)

Growth 2 (G₂)

Interphase is split into these three parts.

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

4 Phases of Mitosis

Mitosis

division of the nucleus

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm

Prophase

Chromosome strands coil tightly, becoming shorter and thicker, Nucleolus disappears

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell, Spindle fibers extend in arcs between two invisible poles

Anaphase

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

Telophase

Chromosomes begin to disperse into a chromatin

Microtubules

contribute to the formation of the mitotic spindle

Spindle

a fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromatids

Leptonene

Chromosomes condense

Zygotene

Chromosome pairing and synapsis begins

Pachytene

Chromosomes are fully synapsed and crossing over begins.

Diplotene

Synaptonemal complex starts to disappear and chiasma are visible

Diakinesis

Further chromosome contraction.

Tetrads

paired homologous chromosomes with two chromatids each

Robert Brown

discovered the nucleus in plant cells