APUSH Spring Final

Gilded Age

A period of American history characterized by economic growth and ostentatious wealth, alongside social issues and political corruption.

Monopolies / Trusts

Business entities that dominate a market, exemplified by figures like Carnegie and Rockefeller.

Social Darwinism

A theory that applies the concept of 'survival of the fittest' to human societies, often used to justify social inequality.

Gospel of Wealth

An essay by Andrew Carnegie that argued wealthy individuals have a responsibility to use their wealth for the greater good of society.

Labor Unions Organizations formed by workers to advocate for better working conditions and wages, including the Knights of Labor and the AFL.

Haymarket Affair

A violent confrontation in 1886 between police and labor protesters in Chicago, which led to a backlash against labor movements.

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

A federal law designed to regulate the railroad industry and prevent monopolistic practices.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

A landmark federal statute that outlawed monopolistic business practices.

Grange Movement / Populist Party

A movement aimed at improving the economic conditions for farmers, which later evolved into a political party advocating for agrarian interests.

Omaha Platform

The political agenda of the Populist Party, which included demands for direct election of senators and government ownership of railroads.

Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)

A battle between U.S. Army forces and Native American tribes, resulting in a significant victory for the Native Americans.

Dawes Act (1887)

A law that aimed to assimilate Native Americans by allotting them individual plots of land and granting them U.S. citizenship.

Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)

The killing of hundreds of Lakota Sioux by U.S. troops, marking the end of armed Native American resistance.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

A federal law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States.

Jim Crow Laws

State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

Plessy v. Ferguson

A landmark Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Jane Addams/Settlement Houses

Social reformers who established community centers to help immigrants and the poor adapt to urban life.

Progressive Movement

A social and political movement aimed at addressing issues caused by industrialization and urbanization.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices, including Upton Sinclair and Ida Tarbell.

19th Amendment

The constitutional amendment that granted women the right to vote in the United States.

Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal

A domestic program that aimed to protect consumers, regulate corporations, and conserve natural resources.

Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom

A program aimed at promoting antitrust modification, tariff reform, and banking reform.

Spanish-American War (1898)

A conflict between the United States and Spain that resulted in the U.S. gaining territories like Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

Open Door Policy

A U.S. policy that aimed to ensure equal trading rights for all nations in China.

Roosevelt Corollary

An extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserting the U.S. right to intervene in Latin American countries to maintain stability.

WWI / Treaty of Versailles

The global conflict from 1914 to 1918, concluded with a treaty that imposed heavy reparations on Germany.

League of Nations

An international organization established after WWI to promote peace and cooperation among countries.

Red Scare (1919-1920)

A period of intense fear of communism and radical leftism in the United States.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural movement in the 1920s centered in Harlem, celebrating African American culture and arts.

Scopes Trial

A legal case in 1925 that challenged a Tennessee law prohibiting the teaching of evolution in schools.

Great Depression

A severe worldwide economic downturn that lasted from 1929 until the late 1930s.

New Deal Programs

A series of programs and reforms introduced by Franklin D. Roosevelt to combat the Great Depression, including CCC, WPA, SSA, and FDIC.

Court Packing Plan

A failed proposal by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to increase the number of Supreme Court justices.

Pearl Harbor

The site of a surprise military attack by Japan on December 7, 1941, leading the U.S. to enter WWII.

Internment of Japanese Americans

The forced relocation and incarceration of Japanese Americans during WWII.

Schenck v. U.S. (1919)

A Supreme Court case that established the 'clear and present danger' standard for limiting free speech.

Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)

A Supreme Court case that upheld the internment of Japanese Americans as a wartime necessity.

Isolationism

A foreign policy stance of avoiding involvement in international conflicts.

American Expeditionary Force

The U.S. armed forces sent to Europe during WWI.

Great Migration

The mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to urban areas in the North during the early to mid-20th century.

Immigration Quotas

Laws that set limits on the number of immigrants allowed to enter the United States from specific countries.

Franklin Roosevelt

The 32nd President of the United States who led the country during the Great Depression and WWII.

WWII

A global conflict from 1939 to 1945 involving most of the world's nations.

Fascism/Totalitarianism

Political ideologies characterized by authoritarianism and extreme nationalism.

Holocaust

The genocide of six million Jews and millions of others by the Nazi regime during WWII.

Executive Order 9066

The order that authorized the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII.

Executive Order 8802

An order that prohibited racial discrimination in the defense industry during WWII.

D-Day

The Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, during WWII.

Island Hopping

A military strategy used by the Allies in the Pacific during WWII to capture strategically important islands.

Cold War / Containment

The geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States after WWII, characterized by efforts to prevent the spread of communism.

Marshall Plan

A U.S. program providing aid to Western Europe after WWII to rebuild economies and prevent the spread of communism.

Truman Doctrine

A U.S. policy to provide political, military, and economic assistance to countries threatened by communism.

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance formed in 1949 for mutual defense against aggression.

Korean War

A conflict between North and South Korea from 1950 to 1953, involving U.S. and UN forces supporting South Korea.

McCarthyism / HUAC

A campaign against alleged communists in the U.S. government and other institutions, led by Senator Joseph McCarthy.

Civil Rights Movement

A struggle for social justice and equality for African Americans in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

A landmark Supreme Court case that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

Civil Rights Act (1964)

A significant piece of legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Voting Rights Act (1965)

A landmark piece of federal legislation that prohibited racial discrimination in voting.

Martin Luther King Jr.

A prominent leader in the American civil rights movement known for his nonviolent activism.

Malcolm X

An African American leader who advocated for black empowerment and the use of any means necessary for achieving civil rights.

Great Society (LBJ)

A set of domestic programs launched by President Lyndon B. Johnson aimed at eliminating poverty and racial injustice.

Vietnam War

A conflict in Vietnam from 1955 to 1975, involving U.S. military intervention to prevent the spread of communism.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

A congressional resolution that authorized military action in Vietnam after alleged attacks on U.S. ships.

Tet Offensive

A major offensive by North Vietnamese forces in 1968 that turned American public opinion against the Vietnam War.

Anti-War Protests

Demonstrations against U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, particularly during the 1960s and 1970s.

Feminism

A movement advocating for women's rights and equality, with key figures like Betty Friedan and organizations like NOW.

Environmentalism

A social movement aimed at protecting the environment and promoting sustainable practices, highlighted by works like 'Silent Spring' and the establishment of the EPA.

Watergate / Nixon Resignation

A political scandal involving a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters and subsequent cover-up, leading to President Nixon's resignation.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

A Supreme Court case that established the requirement for police to inform suspects of their rights during arrest.

Roe v. Wade (1973)

A landmark Supreme Court decision that legalized abortion in the United States.

American Indian Movement

A civil rights organization that advocated for Native American rights and sovereignty.

Energy Crisis

A period of fuel shortages and rising oil prices in the 1970s that led to economic challenges.

Sunbelt

A region in the U.S. that experienced significant population growth and economic expansion in the latter half of the 20th century.

Détente

A period of relaxed tensions and improved relations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Counterculture

A social movement in the 1960s that rejected conventional social norms and promoted alternative lifestyles.

Evangelism/Religious fundamentalism

A movement emphasizing a literal interpretation of religious texts and a return to traditional values.

Jimmy Carter

The 39th President of the United States, known for his emphasis on human rights and energy conservation.

Iranian Hostage Crisis

A diplomatic crisis in which 52 American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days in Iran.

Election of 1980

The presidential election in which Ronald Reagan won against incumbent Jimmy Carter.

War Powers Act

A federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the U.S. to armed conflict without congressional consent.

Ronald Reagan

The 40th President of the United States, known for his conservative policies and the end of the Cold War.

Reaganomics

An economic policy associated with Ronald Reagan that emphasized tax cuts, deregulation, and reduced government spending.

End of Cold War (1991)

The period marking the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the conclusion of the geopolitical tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.

Persian Gulf War

A conflict in 1990-1991 between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to liberate Kuwait.

NAFTA

The North American Free Trade Agreement, a trade agreement between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico aimed at reducing trade barriers.

Impeachment of Clinton

The political process in which President Bill Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives in 1998.

Election of 2000 (Bush v. Gore)

A contentious presidential election that was decided by a Supreme Court ruling on a Florida recount.

9/11 / War on Terror / Patriot Act

The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, and the subsequent U.S. response, including the Patriot Act aimed at enhancing national security.