Bio Lab Exam 1

oculars

head

arm

objective lenses

scanning (4x), low power (10x), high power (40x)

coarse focus knob

fine focus knob

rheostat

nose piece

stage

iris diaphragm lever

iris diaphragm

lamp

single celled organism

an organism that is made up of only one cell

Three other categories of organisms composed of one or more cells

filamentous, colonial, and complex multicellular organisms

filamentous organisms

colonial organisms

complex multicellular organisms

exterior plasma membrane

to contain everything and regulate what goes in and out of the cell

DNA

a molecule that contains genetic instructions for the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms and many viruses. It consists of two coiled strands forming a double helix, with nucleotide sequences (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) encoding genetic information.

chromosomes

thread-like structures located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, composed of DNA and proteins. They carry genetic information in the form of genes and are crucial for cell division, heredity, and the regulation of gene expression. In humans, there are 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs.

cytoplasm

a gel-like substance within a cell, excluding the nucleus, that contains organelles, cytoskeleton, and various molecules. It is the site of many metabolic processes and provides structural support to the cell. The cytoplasm is composed mainly of water, salts, and organic molecules.

cytosol

“cell solution” or the actual cell liquid with various dissolved biochemicals to help the cell function

organelles

distinct chemical assemblages, usually visible on a microscope, that perform particular functions

ribosomes

make proteins

flagella

one to a few hairs that help move or create currents exterior to the cell

cillia

numerous small hairs that help move or create currents exterior to the cell

eukaryotic cells

complex cells that contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. They are found in organisms such as animals, plants, fungi, and protists, distinguishing them from prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus.

nucleus

contains the eukaryotes multiple linear chromosomes all enclosed

nuclear membrane

encloses the nucleus

nucleolus

a visible dense area inside the nucleus, is the site of RNA synthesis

electron microscopes

magnify objects to a greater degree than do light microscopes, much larger and more expensive than light microscopes, use a beam of electrons to visualize material

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

illuminate the three dimensional surface of something, such as the outside of a cell

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

allow one to visualize subcellular and macromolecular cell components in a thin section of a cell

bacillus

rod shaped bacteria

coccus

circular bacteria

spirillum

spiral shaped bacteria

tissue

a distinct group of cells that have the same developmental origin and collectively have a particular function

How many tissue categories are there in animals?

(5) vascular tissues, nervous tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue

epithelial tissue

lines all organs as well as the exterior of the organism, functioning to hold the organ and organism together, act as a protective barrier by controlling what enters and exits the organism or organs, and it also may have specalized glands that secrete substances

vascular tissue

connects all of the various body parts by transporting materials. In animals, a specific tissue is blood, which distributes gases, foods wastes, and vital elements and chemicals such as calcium ions, enzymes, and hormones

nervous tissues

recieve and interpret information from the external environment, and communicate information among the various body parts

muscle tissues

allow for an organism’s motility (skeletal muscle), as well as movement and function of organs (cardiac muscle tissue in the heart and smooth muscle in other organs such as the intestines and bladder)

connective tissue

have multiple functions including structural support via bone or cartillage tissues, energy storage via adipose tissue, and conneccting different tissues together such as dense connective tissues in tendons (that connect muscle and bone), and loose connective tissue that binds together everything else (nerves, vessels, membranes, skin, etc.) Blood is often considered a type of connective tissue, but some biologists consider it a separate tissue category, the vascular tissue, as mentioned above

organ

a distinct body part composed of several kinds of tissues all collectively working for a specific function or small range of functions

organ system

a group of organs working collectively for a particular function

simple squamous epithelium tissue

• have a large surface area to volume ratio

• help protect organs and the exterior of the organism

stratified squamous epithelium

simple cuboidal epithelium

simple columnar epithelium

• line organs (such as the stomach and intestines)

goblet cell

secrete mucus

loose connective tissue

adipose tissue

• found under your skin, between organs, and the inner cavities of bones

• used to provide long term energy storage, and to act as a cushioin

• triglycerides make up this cell

cartillage tissue

• provide support in boney areas

bone tissue

frog red blood cells

human red blood cells

white blood cells

platelets

skeletal muscle tissue

• found attached to bones

• functions to help animals move

cardiac muscle tissue

• found in the walls of the heart

• helps the heart to contract and pump blood

smooth muscle tissue

• found in the walls of organs

• helps maintain blood pressure and blood flow

nervous tissue (motor neuron)

dermal tissue

lines all organs of the plant, and its exterior

ground tissue

• support, protect, and metabolize

• often called different names depending on the organ. for example, in a leaf they are collectively called the mesophyll, while in the center of a stem they are known as the pith, and in other places they are the cortex

vascular tissue

connects all various parts of the body by transporting materials

how many major tissue categories do plants have?

3: dermal, ground, and vascular

epidermal cells

cuticle

a waxy layer made of cutin wax, exterior to the epidermal cells

guard cells

surround an opening called the stoma and are only found on non-woody above-ground parts of plants

trichomes

• these can be one or a few cells long, define as appendages or extensions of epidermal cells

• prevent other animals from eating the plants, keep the plant warm, attract other organisms

cork tissue

• also called peridem

• replaces the epidermis on older woody stems and roots. This tissue is several cell layers thick, consisting of __ cells. Contains a lot of suberin wax within their thick cell walls and usually are dead at maturity

• act as a protective barrier and to prevent water loss

trichomes - glands

special kinds of trichomes for secreting substances such as nectar or toxins

trichomes - root hairs

• are trichomes located on root tips, near the growing meristem region

• allows the plant to absorb more water and nutrients

xylem

• may contain two types of water transporting cells- tracheids and vessel elements. Both cell types have thickened cell walls that have distinctive structural features

• transports water and minerals upward

phloem

• tissue of flowering plants contains sugar-conducting cells, sieve tube cells which lack a nucleus, paired with smaller nucleated companion cells that controll metabolic functions of sieve tube cells.

photosynthetic parenchyma

• the most abundant and versatile in a plant, is composed of ____ cells. ___ cells are living, typically with a thin cell wall, and are able to divide and differentiate into other cell types.

• has a wide variety of functions depending on its location

• photosynthetic kind is composed of chloroplast that specifically carry out photosynthesis

• with large air spaces in between the cells, this allows gases to flow through

storage parenchyma

in stems and roots, this cell is responsible for cellular respiration and energy storage

collenchyma

generally located in growing shoot areas (leaves, stems, fruits flowers). these cells have unevenly thickened cell walls and allow for flexible strength and support

sclerenchyma

tissue that is composed of cells with very thick cell walls, so thick that often the cell dies. their function is to provide rigid protection and structural support

sclerenchyma - stone cells

small, irregularly shaped cells. These cells give pear fruits the gritty texture when you eat them, and in stone frutis like peach or cherry the sclereids form the hard “pit” that surrounds and protects the seeds

sclerenchyma - fibers

• are long thin cells that form in thin sheets or in strands/bundles

• located near the epidermis

• these cells are used as another structural support