MOD 3 &4 -QS

QUANTITY SURVEYING

plain concrete

the conglomeration of these materials producing a solid mass

reinforced concrete

a concrete having steel reinforcements which properly design to act together in resisting forces

estimating concrete

necessary to identify how many bags of cement, gravel, and sand are needed

cubic meter

Concrete shall be measured in ____ net in place

quantity, openings

Do not adjust the _____ of concrete for reinforcing steel and insets which displace concrete. Also, do not deduct for _ in the concrete that are less than one cubic foot (0.05 cubic meters) of volume.

measure each mix separately

 If different mixes of concrete are used in any of the categories listed in item 3, ____.

For instance, where different strengths of concrete are specified for columns on a project, separately calculate the quantity of concrete for each type of concrete in columns

mixes

are further complicated by the different types of cement that could be specified. For instance, concrete in contact with soil may have to be made with type V, sulfate- resisting cement. Furthermore, air entrainment may or may not be required, to say nothing of super- plasticizers. The many combinations of variables result in a multitude of possible concrete mixes.

The Rapid Hardening Portland Cement

preferred when high early strength concrete is desired.

Blast Furnace or Sulfate Cement

used on concrete structures designed to resist chemical attack.

Low Heat Portland Cement 

used for massive sections designed to reduce the heat of hydration.

Portland Pozzolan Cement

a low hardening characteristic concrete.

Aluminous Cement or Cement Fundu

High Alumina Cement also called as __

purpose in mixing concrete

to select an optimum proportion if cement, water and aggregates, to produce a concrete required under the following procedures:

1\. Workability

2\. Strength

3\. Durability

4\. Economy

freely flow

ACI Requirements for Concrete


1. Fresh concrete shall be workable. Meaning, that fresh concrete could _____ around the reinforcements to fill all the voids inside the form.

strong enough

ACI Requirements for Concrete


2. hardened concrete shall be ____ to carry the design load.

withstand the conditions

ACI Requirements for Concrete


3.  hardened concrete could withstand the conditions to which it is expected to perform.

economically

ACI Requirements for Concrete


4.  concrete should be _____ produced.

designed mixture

where the contractor is responsible in establishing the mixture proportion that will achieve the required strength and workability as specified in the plan.

Prescribed Mixture

where the designing engineer specify the mixture proportion. The contractor's responsibility is only to provide a properly mixed concrete containing the right proportions as prescribed in the plan.

inaccurate volume

Several factors that might affect the accuracy of the estimate.


1. ________ of delivered aggregates which is very common. Delivery truck should be measured to check if the volume of aggregates being delivered is exactly as ordered.

dumping, uneven

Several factors that might affect the accuracy of the estimate.


2. ____ of aggregates on ____ ground surface and grass areas reduces the net volume of aggregates.

improper measuring

Several factors that might affect the accuracy of the estimate.


3. Improper measuring of the aggregates during the mixing operation. This is common practice when the work is on its momentum where laborers fails to observe the right measuring of aggregates being deliverd to the mixer.

cement and fine aggregates, overlooked

Several factors that might affect the accuracy of the estimate.


4. The _________________ for grouting concrete joints are mostly ______ in the estimating processes.

reckless handling and hauling

 Several factors that might affect the accuracy of the estimate.


5. Cement waste due to

pure cement powder

Several factors that might affect the accuracy of the estimate.


6. The ____________ used by mason in plastering operations to prevent the plaster from sliding downward is not considered in estimating.

Pilferage of materials.

Several factors that might affect the accuracy of the estimate.


7. This could be avoided with an effective system of construction management.

kind of gravel

Ordering of Coarse Aggregate must be Specific as to:


1. ___________, either crushed stone or natural gravel from the creek.

minimum and maximum size 

Ordering of Coarse Aggregate must be Specific as to:


2.  The _________ of the stone must be specified. It should be free from mixed sand because sand is cheaper than gravel.

requires screening

Ordering of Coarse Aggregate must be Specific as to:


3. natural gravel from the creek ________ to obtain a well-graded coarse aggregate. Take note that screening of aggregates means additional cost of labor and reduction in the net usable volume of gravel. 

steel reinforcing bars 

incorporated in concrete and other masonry members primarily to prevent cracking when tension, compression and other forces or loads exceeding the strength of the latter without steel reinforcements are applied.

round bars 

ones popularly employed in reinforced concrete construction

deformed bars

have lugs on their surface to provide increased bond between concrete and steel to prevent slippage

ends of bars 

would be bent or terminate in hooks.

steel

 most widely used reinforcing material for almost all types of concrete construction. It is an excellent partner of concrete in resisting both tension and compression stresses

steel

it is ten times stronger than concrete in resisting compression load and hundred times stronger in tensile stresses. 

hook, bend, splice

In estimating the quantity of steel reinforcing bars, one has to consider the additional length for the __*,____*__*the* ________ and the ____ whose length varies depending upon the limitations

Direct Counting Method

counting the number of main vertical reinforcement on one structure then multiplied by the total number of the same type or category in the plan.

additional length

Suggested Procedures in Estimating Steel Bar Reinforcement

* Do not forget to include the __________ for hook, bend and splices for end lapping joints. The ____________ is the one most often overlooked in ordering length of steel bars. In ordering steel bars, always think of minimizing the splices if it cannot be totally avoided.

one at a time

Suggested Procedures in Estimating Steel Bar Reinforcement

* For other reinforcement parts such as lateral ties, stirrups, spirals, dowels, cut bars and the like should be treated or estimated separately_________ taking into consideration the additional length for the hook, bend, and splicing length.

6\.00 to 15.50

Suggested Procedures in Estimating Steel Bar Reinforcement

* After knowing the length of the lateral ties, stirrups and other similar parts, select the steel bars from the various commercial length of _______________ meters long where these cut bars could be obtaines avoiding or minimizing unnecessary extra cuts. Extra cuts are waste when classified as junk materials.

minimum

Suggested Procedures in Estimating Steel Bar Reinforcement

* Considering its cost, Tie Wire for reinforcement joints is a big item in large construction work. The length of each tie wire should be cut to the ______ required length based on the diameter of the bars to be tied on. Indiscriminate cutting of tie wire should not be permitted.

Types of Metal Reinforcement

* Footing Reinforcements


* Post and Column Reinforcements
* Beams and Girder Reinforments
* Floor Slab Reinforcements
* Concrete Hollow Block Reinforcements
* Other Types of Reinforcement

footings

 support which are built up to transfer the loads of column or wall to the soil.

columns

vertical support of the structure connected to the footing. These are where the loads from beams and girders transmitted. 

footings

structural elements that transmit load of entire superstructure to the underlying soil below the structure. These are designed to transmit these loads to the soil without exceeding its safe bearing capacity

Independent column footing

referred to as individual or isolated footing.

7\.5

The ACI Code provides that the minimum underground protective covering of concrete to steel reinforcement shall not be less that ____ centimeters.

length and quantity

One important consideration in estimating steel bar reinforcement is to find the required ____________ of a particular reinforcement the choose a commercial length bars which when cut into the required sizes will minimize unwanted cuts. 

Column

the most crucial structural member of a building because the safety of a building rest on this

The reinforcement of posts and columns to be considered in the estimates

1. The Main or Vertical Reinforcement
2. The Lateral Ties or
3. The Spiral Ties for Circular Column

 

lateral ties

Tied column has reinforcement consisting of vertical bars held in a position by lateral reinforcement

The ACI Code provides that: *"All non pre-stressed bars for tied column shall be enclosed by lateral ties of at least No. 3 in size for longitudinal bars No. 10 or smaller and at least No. 4 in size for No. 11 to 10 and bundled longitudinal bars".*

smaller

 If the main longitudinal reinforcement of a tied column is No. 10 bars or smaller in size (lower that 30mm), the Lateral Ties should not be ______ that No. 3 bar or 10 mm diameter.

4 or 12

If the main reinforcement of a tied column is No. 11 to No. 18 (35 mm to 66 mm) and bundled bars, the Lateral Ties should not be less than No. _______ mm diameter. 

spiral reinforcement

consist of evenly spaced continuous spirals held firmly in place by at least three vertical bar spaces under the following considerations

6th

1. That the venter to center spacing of the spiral should not exceed___ part of the diameter core.

7\.5, 5.0

2. the clear spacing between the spirals should not exceed ____centimeters nor less that ____ centimeters.

1-1/2

3. That the clear spacing between the spirals be less than ____ times the biggest size of the coarse aggregate.

beam 

 a major part of a structure because it was designed to carry a distributed loads like walls and/or roof. 

girder

supports other smaller beams and acts as the main horizontal support in a structure. 

slab

a flat horizontal surface, examples are floors, roof decks, briges and others.

beam

 horizontal structural element that withstand vertical loads, shear forces and bending moments.

stirrup

structural reinforcing member that holds or binds together the main reinforcement of a beam or girder to a designed positio

slab

constructed to create flat and useful surfaces such as floors, roofs, and ceilings. It is a horizontal structural component, with top and bottom surfaces parallel or near so.

one way reinforcement of concrete slab

adopted when the concrete beams or girders that supports the floor slab is almost or rectangular in shape.

two way reinforced concrete slab

adopted when the beam or girder that supports the concrete floor slab is almost or square is hape or position.