Religious Wars and Exploretion

Thirty Years'War (1618 to 1648)

The war between the Catholics and the Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire

Catherine de Medici

(1547-1589) The wife of Henry II (1547-1559) of France, who exercised political influence after the death of her husband and during the rule of her weak sons.

Huguenots

French Calvinists

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Mass murder of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572.

Henry IV (of Navarre)

French Bourbon king. A POLITIQUE. Converted from Calvinism to Catholicism to support his country. ("Paris is worth a Mass"). Proclaimed the Edict of Nantes. Laid foundation for France to become most powerful European country in the 17th century

Politiques

Rulers who put political necessities above personal beliefs. For example, both Henry IV of France and Elizabeth I of England prioritized political unity instead of religious uniformity

Edict of Nantes (1598)

The edict of Henry IV that granted Huguenots the rights of public worship and religious toleration in France.

Bohemian Phase (1618-1625)

This is the first phase of The Thirty Years' War. It began in a part of what is now present day Czech Republic when a group of Protestant nobles rebelled against a Catholic king that was trying to make Catholicism the official religion in the region. Catholic officials were thrown out of a 70 foot tall window and survived!... This was the spark that started the war.

Defenestration of Prague

The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War.

Outcome of Bohemian Phase

Catholics easily win at the Battle of White Mountain

Danish Phase (1625-1629)

2nd phase of the war. Named because of leadership of Danish Protestant king Christian IV, who encouraged Denmark to join the Protestant cause. The Catholics won easily

Swedish Phase (1630-1635)

The 3rd phase. It began with the arrival of Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus in Germany, who came to help assist the Protestants of the area.

Gustavus Adolphus

Swedish Lutheran king who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years' War and lost his life in one of the battles (1594-1632)

Why did France support the Protestants in the Thirty Years' War?

Cardinal Richelieu wanted to restore the balance of power in Europe and take power away from the Hapsburg family (Holy Roman Empire)

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The treaty ending the Thirty Years' War in Germany; it allowed each prince-whether Lutheran, Catholic, or Calvinist-to choose the established creed of his territory.

Impact of the Peace of Westphalia

France's power increases and the HRE's power decreases. Several HRE territories become independent and the HRE loses territory and influence

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer who found a sea route to the Spice Island by sailing around the American continent. His crew was the first to circumnavigate the world.

Vasco da Gama

Reached India by sailing around the Cape of Good Hope

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Bartolome de Las Casas

Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans

3 G's of Exploration

God, Gold, Glory

Technology that enabled exploration

Magnetic compass, caravel, astrolabe

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Commercial Revolution

the expansion of the trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries, often considered to be an effect of exploration

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Spain's Religious Wars

Philip tried to strengthen Catholicism by raising taxes and tightening the church structure in the Netherlands. The Netherlands (Low Countries) received funding from Elizabeth I in England throughout the conflict, and Spain eventually was defeated, ending its Golden Age

Life in an early modern European town

Widespread poverty, distinction between "deserving" and "undeserving" poor, high rates of crime, public executions, 10-20% of the population lived in towns, attracted landless laborers and those looking for new opportunities, tangle of complex social relationships

Agriculture

2-3 field crop rotation, some land left fallow (uncultivated) to restore nutrients, some areas of common land for grazing and hunting, mainly subsistence level farming