PSYC1002 Midterm Complete

All from Review Sheet Posted

Define Motive Psychology

Focuses on understanding why people do what they do

Define Motive

A need/want that directs behavior towards a goal

Define Instinct

An unlearned or automatic behavior

Define a Need

a state of tension or unbalance within a person

Define a Drive

An internal state that directs behavior towards a specific goal

How are motives and needs related?

Motives propel people to percieve and act in ways that serve to satisfy a need

How are Drives and Needs related?

Drives are based on Needs as a Need is met, tension is reduced

How are needs and perception related?

Needs organize perception, we see what we want

Describe Henry Murrays Hierarchy of Needs

We have a variety of needs individual to each person and some needs are stronger than others

What did Murray say about satisfaction

We aren’t satisfied by being in a tensionless state, rather it is the reduction of tension that satisfies us.

Define the Big Three Needs

Need for Achievement, Need for Power, Need for Intimacy

Describe the Wolters Study

Used goal structures and goal orientations to predict students’ motivation, cognition and achievement

Define Self Efficacy

Belief in oneself to succeed in specific situations

Define Anorexia Nervosa

Persistent energy intake restriction, disturbance in self perceived weight or shape, intense fear of gaining weight or of becoming fat,

Describe the Restricting Type of Anorexia Nervosa

weight loss accomplished through dieting, fasting, or excessive exercise

Describe the Binge Eating/ Purging Type of Anorexia Nervosa

Individual regularly engages in binge eating, purging or both

What are some other defining characteristics of Anorexia Nervosa

BMI is below minimally normal level for age, sex, developmental trajectory or physical health,

Fear is not alleviated by weight loss,

Self-esteem highly dependent upon body weight/ shape

Define Bulimia Nervosa

Recurrent episodes of binge eating and recurrent episodes of compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain

Describe the Purging Type of Bulimia Nervosa

Individual regularly engages in self-induced vomiting

Describe the Non Purging type of Bulimia Nervosa

Individual engages in other compensatory behaviors like fasting, excessive exercise, but not regularly engaging in self-induced vomiting

Define Emotion

A feeling that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience or behavioral expression

Define an Emotional State

Transitory depends more on the situation than the the person

Define an Emotional Trait

a pattern of emotional responses that are relatively stable across a variety of situations

What is the difference between an emotional state and an emotional trait

States are dependent on the situation while traits are consistent across situations

What happens to the nervous system during an emotion

Arousal of the SNS and parasympathetic branches of the ANS as well as activation of the Amygdala

Describe the James Lange Theory of Emotion

Stimulus leads to Arousal which leads to Emotion

Describe the Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Stimulus leads to both Arousal and Emotion

Describe the Schachter and Singer Two Factor Theory

Stimulus leads us to arousal and putting a cognitive label on the stimulus which leads to emotion

Define Emotional Content

The kind of emotion that one expriences

Define emotional style

The way the emotion is experienced, degree of mood variability

Describe the relationship between The Need to Belong and human infants

It is innate and infants are born with the motivation to seek contact in the interpersonal world

Define the Propinquity Effect

The more we interact with others the more likely they are to become our friends or lovers

Define the Mere Exposure Effect

The more we are exposed to a stimulus the more we like it

Define the Attitude Similarity Effect

People find others more attractive and likeable the more similar they are to them

Define Development

The pattern of change in human capabilities that begins at conception and continues throughout the life span, complex interaction between biological maturation and environmental experience

Define Assimilation

We use our current schemas to interpret the external world, and incorporate new information into existing schemas

Define Accommodation

We create new schemas when we realize that our current way of thinking does not capture the environment completely

Describe Piaget’s proposed Theory of Cognitive Development

Intelligence unfolds systematically, when the environment offers support and diversity

Describe the Sensorimotor Stage

ages 0 to 2, infants coordinate sensory experiences with motor actions, “out of sight out of mind”, object permanence has not developed

Describe the Preoperational Stage

Ages 2-7, begin using words and images to represent the world, symbolic thought but still lacks logical thought, cannot do tasks in reverse

Define Conservation

Certain physical characteristic of objects remain the same, even if the outward appearance changes

Describe the Concrete Operational Stage

Ages 7-11, child can reason logically about concrete events and classify objects, no abstract thinking, able to focus on multiple aspects of a problem

Describe the Formal Operational Stage

Ages 11-15, thinking becomes more idealistic, abstract and logical, child can develop hypothesis and systematically solve problems

Identify the faults of Piagets Theory

Piaget’s Theory is just a conceptual framework, some cognitive abilities emerge earlier or later than predicted

What did Lev Vygotsky say about Piaget’s Theory

He agreed that children are active seekers of knowledge but argued that social and cultural contexts have an affect aswell

Describe the Preconventional Stage of Moral Development

No internalization, moral thinking is based on punishment and reward

Describe Kohlberg Stage 1: Punishment Orientation

Moral Decisions are based on fear of punishment, children obety because adults tell them to

Describe Kohlberg Stage 2: Reward Orientation

Rewards mean it must be right, moral decisions are based on rewards for behavior

Define Internalization

Change of behaviour being eternally controlled to behaviour that is controlled by internal principles

Describe the Zone of Proximal Development

A range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to do alone, but are possible with help

Collaborative learning through interaction with skilled others and readiness for guidance

Describe the Early Experiences Doctrine

A short period of early development that is crucial, where our personality is largely determined

Define the Later Experiences Doctrine

We are changeable based on experience; early experiences do not dictate how we will be for the rest of our lives

Define schema

a framework that organizes and interprets information

Describe what Piaget believed about children constructing their cognitive world

He believed they used schema, mental models that help organize and interpret information, to construct their world