Lab Lecture #2

Nasal Cavity

Divided by the nasal septum, it allows air to enter and exit the respiratory system.

Nasal Conchae

Bone structures that increase mucosal surface area and enhance air turbulence.

Superior / Middle / Inferior

Meatuses

Passageways within the nasal cavity that include superior, middle, and inferior meatus.

Superior / Middle / Inferior

Internal Nares

The openings between the nasal cavity and the pharynx.

External Nares

Nostrils that allow air to enter and exit the nasal cavity.

Nasal Vestibule

The front part of the nasal cavity composed of skin with hairs to filter inspired air.

Paranasal Sinuses

Air-filled spaces in the skull that lighten the skull and produce mucus.

Frontal / Sphenoid

Frontal Sinus

A paranasal sinus located in the frontal bone.

Hard Palate

The bony front part of the roof of the mouth composed of maxillae and palatine bones.

Soft Palate

The flexible back part of the roof of the mouth composed of muscle and connective tissue.

Uvula

A small fleshy extension that closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing.

Pharynx

A muscular tube that connects the nasal cavity to the larynx and esophagus. (throat)

Nasopharynx

The upper section of the pharynx that allows air passage from the nasal cavity.

Oropharynx

The middle section of the pharynx that allows the passage of air, food, and fluids.

Laryngopharynx

The lower section of the pharynx that directs air to the larynx and food to the esophagus.

Pharyngeal Tonsil

Tonsil located in the nasopharynx that traps pathogens.

Palatine Tonsil

Tonsil located in the oropharynx that traps pathogens.

Lingual Tonsil

Tonsil located at the base of the tongue that traps pathogens.

Larynx

Structure that facilitates voice production and allows air to enter/exit the trachea.

Hyoid Bone

A bone that supports the tongue and is located in the neck.

Thyroid Cartilage

Cartilage that forms the Adam's apple.

Cricoid Cartilage

A ring of cartilage that forms the base of the larynx.

Cuneiform Cartilages

Small cartilages in the larynx that support the vocal folds.

Corniculate Cartilages

Cartilages in the larynx that work with arytenoid cartilages.

Arytenoid Cartilages

Cartilages that change the position and tension of true vocal cords.

Epiglottis

Flap that covers the glottis during swallowing.

Vocal Folds (True Vocal Cords)

Folds that produce sound when air passes through them.

Vestibular Folds (False Vocal Cords)

Folds that help close the glottis during swallowing.

Glottis

The space between the true vocal cords.

Laryngeal Inlet

The opening to the larynx.

Thyrohyoid Membrane

The membrane that connects the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone.

Cricothyroid Ligament

Ligament connecting the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage.

Cricotracheal Ligament

Ligament connecting the cricoid cartilage to the trachea.

Right Lung

Lung with three lobes: superior, middle, and inferior.

Transverse (Horizontal) Fissure

Fissure that separates the superior and middle lobes of the right lung.

Oblique Fissure

Fissure that separates the middle and inferior lobes of the right lung.

Left Lung

Lung with two lobes: superior and inferior.

Cardiac Notch

Indentation in the left lung to accommodate the heart.

Hilum

Opening that allows bronchi and blood vessels to enter/exit the lungs.

Trachea

A tubular structure that serves as a passageway for air to the lungs.

Tracheal Cartilages

C-shaped cartilages that keep the trachea open.

Primary Bronchi

The branches from the trachea that lead into each lung.

Secondary Bronchi

Branches from the primary bronchi that lead to the lung lobes.

Tertiary Bronchi

Branches from the secondary bronchi leading to bronchopulmonary segments.

Alveoli

Microscopic air sacs where gas exchange occurs.

Terminal Bronchiole

Microscopic tubes that branch from bronchioles.

Respiratory Bronchioles

Microscopic tubes branching from terminal bronchioles.

Alveolar Ducts

Passageways connecting respiratory bronchioles to alveoli.

Visceral Pleura

Membrane covering the lungs.

Tidal Volume

The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing, approximately 500 mL.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation, approximately 3100 mL.

Expiratory Reserve Volume

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation, approximately 1200 mL.

Residual Volume

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a full exhalation, approximately 1200 mL.

Inspiratory Capacity

The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation, approximately 3600 mL.

Functional Residual Capacity

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation, approximately 2400 mL.

Vital Capacity

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation, approximately 4800 mL.

Total Lung Capacity

The total volume of air the lungs can hold, approximately 6000 mL.

Opening of Eustachian (auditory) tube

tube that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx, helping to equalize pressure in the ear. Fau

Fauces

Archway in back of oral cavity

Tongue

muscular organ in the mouth used for tasting, swallowing, and speaking. LA

Laryngeal Prominence

also known as the Adam's apple, it is the prominent cartilage structure in the front of the larynx that is more pronounced in males. V

Vestibular Folds

also known as false vocal cords, these folds are located in the larynx and play a role in protecting the airway and assisting in phonation.

Carina

the ridge at the base of the trachea where it splits into the left and right main bronchi.

Loop of Henle

Functions in urine formation via secretion and reabsorption of substances.

Decending Limb

Ascending Limb