Lab Lecture #2

Nasal Cavity and Associated Structures

• Nasal Cavity: Divided by the nasal septum.

  • Nasal Conchae: Increase mucosal surface area and enhance air turbulence.

    • Superior nasal concha

    • Middle nasal concha

    • Inferior nasal concha

  • Meatuses:

    • Superior meatus

    • Middle meatus

    • Inferior meatus

  • Internal Nares:

  • External Nares: Allow air to enter and exit the nasal cavity.

  • Nasal Vestibule: Composed of skin with vibrissae (hairs) to filter inspired air.

  • Paranasal Sinuses: Frontal and sphenoid sinuses lighten the skull and produce mucus to trap foreign matter.

  • Hard Palate: Composed of maxillae and palatine bones.

  • Soft Palate: Composed of skeletal muscle and connective tissues.

  • Uvula: Closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing to prevent food/fluids from entering the nasal cavity.

Pharynx and Related Structures

• Pharynx:

  • Nasopharynx: Passageway for air from nasal cavity through internal nares.

  • Oropharynx: Passageway for air, food, and fluids from oral cavity through fauces.

  • Laryngopharynx: Passageway for air to enter the larynx and food/fluids into the esophagus.

• Tonsils:

  • Pharyngeal Tonsil: Traps pathogens in the nasopharynx.

  • Palatine Tonsil: Traps pathogens in the oropharynx.

  • Lingual Tonsil: Traps pathogens in the oropharynx.

Larynx and Vocal Structures

• Larynx: Facilitates voice production and allows air to enter/exit the trachea.

  • Hyoid Bone

  • Thyroid Cartilage: Forms Adam's apple (laryngeal prominence).

  • Cricoid Cartilage

  • Cuneiform Cartilages

  • Corniculate Cartilages

  • Arytenoid Cartilages: Change the position and tension of true vocal cords.

  • Epiglottis: Covers the glottis during swallowing.

  • Vocal Folds (True Vocal Cords): Produce sound when air passes.

  • Vestibular Folds (False Vocal Cords): Help close the glottis during swallowing.

• Glottis: Space between true vocal cords.

• Laryngeal Inlet: Opening to the larynx.

• Thyrohyoid Membrane

• Cricothyroid Ligament

• Cricotracheal Ligament

Lungs, Trachea, and Bronchial Tree

Right Lung

• Superior Lobe

• Middle Lobe

• Inferior Lobe

• Transverse (Horizontal) Fissure

• Oblique Fissure

Left Lung

• Superior Lobe

• Inferior Lobe

• Oblique Fissure

• Cardiac Notch

Hilum

• Opening that allows bronchi, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves to enter/exit the lungs.

Trachea

• Tracheal Cartilages: Tubular structure that functions as a passageway for air to enter/exit the lungs.

Primary Bronchi

• Tubular structures that branch from the trachea, functioning as passageways for air to enter/exit lungs.

  • Right Primary Bronchus

  • Left Primary Bronchus

Secondary Bronchi

• Tubular structures that branch from primary bronchi, functioning as passageways for air to enter/exit lungs.

Tertiary Bronchi

• Tubular structures that branch from the secondary bronchi, functioning as passageways for air to enter/exit lungs, leading to bronchopulmonary segments.

Alveoli

• Hollow, microscopic air sacs that function to exchange respiratory gases between the blood and air.

Terminal Bronchiole

• Microscopic tubular structures that branch from bronchioles.

Respiratory Bronchioles

• Microscopic tubular structures that branch from terminal bronchioles.

Alveolar Ducts

• Microscopic tubular structures that branch from respiratory bronchioles and connect to alveoli.

Visceral Pleura

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities (Approximate Normal Values)

• Tidal Volume: about 500 mL

• Inspiratory Reserve Volume: about 3100 mL

• Expiratory Reserve Volume: about 1200 mL

• Residual Volume: about 1200 mL

• Inspiratory Capacity: about 3600 mL

• Functional Residual Capacity: about 2400 mL

• Vital Capacity: about 4800 mL (measured via forced vital capacity)

• Total Lung Capacity: about 6000 mL

Summary of Volumes

• Inspiratory Capacity: 3600 mL

• Vital Capacity: 4800 mL

• Total Lung Capacity: 6000 mL

• Functional Residual Capacity: 2400 mL