Biology: Cell Structures, Homeostasis, and Chemical Bonds

Maintaining a stable feedback internal environment typically requires...

Negative feedback mechanisms

When K+ and Cl- meet, they will...

form KCl with an ionic bond

When placed into water, the ionic compound NaCl will

Disassociate into Na+ and Cl- ions

A water solutions that contains equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is

Neutral

Simple squamous epithelium is an example of a(n)

tissue

Homeostasis is the

tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment

In a covalent bond

atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

Sodium ions and calcium ions are examples of

cations

Which of the following lists best illustrates the idea of increasing levels of complexity

Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

which of the following illustrates a positive feedback mechanism.

Uterine contractions during childbirth

The recent discovery of taste receptors in the small intestine that detect sweetness illustrates that

new discoveries about anatomy and physiology are still being made.

The folding and coiling of a protein into a globular, three dimensional shape is the ________ structure of the protein

tertiary

Na+ reats with Cl- to become stable. In this reaction, Na will ______ while Cl will _________

give up one electron, accept one electron

Proteins perform all of the following functions except

store hereditary information

Ligands will bond to membrane proteins, called _________, to cause a cellular response

receptors

Which of the following gives a cell structural support, determines the shape of the cell, and directs the movement of substances through a cell

The cytoskeleton

In the plasma membrane, ___________ act like identification tags that enable the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign and diseased cells

glycoproteins

Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex

Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte, connective tissue, stomach

The term _____________ refers to a membrane that allows some things to pass through it, but not others.

Phospholipid bilayer

Which if the following is NOT an organic compound

Na2HPO3(H20)5

Which of these has The highest concentration of H+

Lemon Juice, pH = 2.3

Proteins are _______ build from different _________

polymers, amino acids

Carbon is very versatile in forming bonds with other atoms because it has _________ valence electrons

four

Which of these molecules is hydrophobic

Cholesterol

The sodium-potassium (NA+-K+) pump transport both sodium and potassium __________ their concentration gradients in a process called _________

up; active transport

A drastic conformational change in a protein in response to extreme heat or pH is called

denaturation

________ are major components of cell membranes, and are said to be ________

Phospholipid, amphipathic

What is the correct order of components in a homeostatic system, beginning with the stimulus and ending in a response.

Receptor, afferent neuron, integrating center, efferent neuron, effector

White blood cells engulf bacteria by means of

phagocytosis

________ put(s) finishing touches on proteins synthesized at ___________

the Golgi complex, rough ER

All enzymes are

proteins

Triglycerides consist of a 3-carbon compound called __________ bound to three __________.

glycerol; fatty acids

Cytology is the study of structures that can be observed without a magnifying glass

false

which of the following is NOT a method by which particles can leave a cell

pinocytosis

Nucleic acids are _______ of __________

polymers; nucleotides

__________ provide motility to a sperm cell, __________ act as sensory "antennae" in many cells, and ____________ increase a cell's surface area.

Flagella; cilia; microvilli

During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of

negative feedback

The plasma membrane is mostly made of molecules that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. These molecules are called _________.

phospholipids

we live in an ever changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called

homeostasis

Muscle cells contain numerous ________ to serve their high demand for ATP

mitochondria

What type of bond attracts one water molecule to another

a hydrogen bond

When table salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), is placed in water _________

ionic bonds between Na+ and Cl- are broken

These junctions hold adjacent cells together and provide resistance to mechanical stress

desmosomes

In general, __________ have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen.

carbohydrates

The study of the structure and function of cells is called _________

cytology

A protein that is bound to a carbohydrate is called a ________

glycoprotein

All of the following are organs except

the plasma membrane

Among other functions, heptocytes are specialized for detoxifying drugs or other chemicals. Heptocytes have large amounts of __________

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The plasma membrane of cells lining the small intestine has __________, which are specialized for absorption of nutrients

microvilli

Sodium has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic mass of 23. Sodium has __________

11 electrons and 11 protons

the following figure illustrates the backbone of a(n)

protein

Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and an atomic mass of 16. How many valence electrons does it have

6

Channel protein gates may respond to all these stimuli except

water in the extracellular fluid

Which of the following is a disaccharide

lactose

An atom with 10 electrons and 9 protons is ________

an anion

__________ are the simplest body structures considered alive

cells

What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed

protein synthesis

A red blood cell is places in a hypertonic solution. This means the concentration of solutes in the solution is ________ than the concentration of solutes in the intracellular fluid, and may cause the cell to _______

higher, crenate

The study of how the body functions is called ________

physiology

An ______ is composed of two or more tissue types, whereas ________ are microscopic structures in a cell

organ; organelle

What do facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common

both require integral proteins embedded within the plasma membrane

Two solutions are sperated by a selectively permeable membrane. If solution A has a higher concentration of a non permeating solute than solution B, then ___________

water will pass down its concentration gradient from solution B to A

Amylase is a digestive enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars through _________ reactions

hydrolysis

A solution with pH 4 has _________ the H+ concentration of a solution with pH 7

1000 times

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding parathyroid hormone (PTH)

It causes the breakdown of bone

Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY describes the location of compact bone and spongy bone

compact bone covers the epiphysis and forms the diaphysis, and spongy bone lies within the epiphysis, deep to the compact bone

Which of the following is (are) an example of bone formed by intramembranous ossification

broad, flat skull bones

Compact bone has _______, whereas spongy bone has ________

osteons, trabeculae

The axial skeleton includes _________

skull, hyoid bone, thoracic cage, and vertebral column.

articular cartilage of a long bone is found _______

on the outer surface of the epiphysis

Which of the following is true

osteoblasts deposit bone matrix around themselves and become osteocytes when they are isolated in lacunae

Red bone marrow functions in the formation of _________

red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Which of the following describes the function(s) of the skeletal system

All Of The Above

-it interacts with muscles, providing movement

-it protect organs, especially in the head and thorax

-it stores minerals

Which of the following bone shape is stated with an incorrect example

flat bone- thigh bone

Transverse tubules _________

Transmit action potential into the muscle cell interior

letter D

A band

When an impulse arrives at the synaptic knob of the motor neuron, calcium ________

enters through ligand-gated channels and triggers neurotransmitter uptake

The outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle is the

epimysium

Which protein makes up thick filaments

myosin

Calcium ions, released from the terminal cisterna, bind to the __________ molecule in skeletal muscle cells

troponin

A motor unit consists of ___________

a single motor neuron and the multiple muscle fibers it controls

When ________ molecules bind to actin, they undergo a "power stroke" which results in muscle contraction

myosin

Letter C

Z disc

A sarcomere is best described as __________

repeating, contractile units of muscle

Which of the following is an inorganic component of the bone matrix

hydroxyapatite

Of the three types of muscle tissue, which is NOT striated

smooth muscle

Intramembranous ossification produces the _______

flat bones of the skull

When ____________ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called _____________

osteoblasts; osteocytes

The _________ produces an ____________

inward flow chloride; IPSP

Local potentials are ________, whereas action potentials are ________

produced by ligand- gated channels; "all or none"

synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys and liver, __________ causes an increase in blood calcium

calcitriol

Where does saltatory conduction occur

From node to node in myelinated axons

What is the purpose of motor nerve varicosities as they relate to smooth muscle

they release neurotransmitter onto smooth muscle cells

To stimulate muscle contraction, ACH is released from the _______ into the synaptic cleft

synaptic vesicles

Which glial cell is found wrapped around nerve fibers in the PNS

neurolemmocytes ( Schwann cells)

Spicules and trabeculae are found in _______

spongy bone

The _________ division carries signals to the smooth muscle in the large intestine

autonomic motor

The triads of a muscle fiber consists of

two terminal cisternae and one T tubule

What is the purpose of the triad

The triad allows for Ca2+ release when a muscle fiber is excited

Which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal muscle

pumping of blood throughout the body