Video Notes - Parasitology/Mycology Review Flashcards (Question and Answer)

Flashcards covering morphology, hosts/vectors, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, and immune responses for protozoa, helminths, and fungi from the lecture notes.

What is the morphology of Entamoeba histolytica?

Trophozoite (RBCs inside); cyst (4 nuclei)

What are the hosts/vectors of Entamoeba histolytica?

Humans; flies, cockroaches

What is the epidemiology of Entamoeba histolytica?

Tropics; contaminated food/water

What is the pathogenesis of Entamoeba histolytica?

Flask-shaped ulcers, liver abscess

What are the symptoms of Entamoeba histolytica?

Bloody/mucus diarrhea, RUQ pain, anchovy paste abscess

What is the immune response to Entamoeba histolytica?

Intact immunity → asymptomatic; weak immunity → invasion

What is the morphology of Giardia duodenalis?

Pear-shaped “owl’s face”; sucking disk

What are the hosts/vectors of Giardia duodenalis?

Humans only

What is the epidemiology of Giardia duodenalis?

Worldwide; hikers, daycare, MSM

What is the pathogenesis of Giardia duodenalis?

Adheres to villi → malabsorption

What are the symptoms of Giardia duodenalis?

Foul-smelling fatty diarrhea, bloating, flatulence

What is the immune response to Giardia duodenalis?

IgA + microbiota protect; IgA deficiency → chronic infection

What is the morphology of Cryptosporidium parvum?

Acid-fast oocyst (4 sporozoites)

What are the hosts/vectors of Cryptosporidium parvum?

Humans only

What is the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium parvum?

Pools, daycares; severe in AIDS

What is the pathogenesis of Cryptosporidium parvum?

Brush border damage → malabsorption

What are the symptoms of Cryptosporidium parvum?

Watery diarrhea (chronic in AIDS)

What is the immune response to Cryptosporidium parvum?

CD4+ T cells critical; AIDS → severe disease

What is the morphology of Trichomonas vaginalis?

Trophozoite only (flagellated; no cyst)

What are the hosts/vectors of Trichomonas vaginalis?

Humans only (STD)

What is the epidemiology of Trichomonas vaginalis?

Worldwide; common STI

What is the pathogenesis of Trichomonas vaginalis?

Vaginal/urethral colonization; ↓ pH

What are the symptoms of Trichomonas vaginalis?

Frothy green discharge, strawberry cervix, pruritus

What is the immune response to Trichomonas vaginalis?

Neutrophils active; doesn’t clear fully

What is the morphology of Babesia microti?

Maltese cross in RBCs

What are the hosts/vectors of Babesia microti?

Reservoir = rodents; Vector = Ixodes tick

What is the epidemiology of Babesia microti?

NE U.S., transfusions

What is the pathogenesis of Babesia microti?

RBC lysis → hemolysis

What are the symptoms of Babesia microti?

Flu-like, hemolytic anemia; severe in asplenic

What is the immune response to Babesia microti?

Spleen clears; asplenic → severe

What is the morphology of Plasmodium spp.?

Ring forms, schizonts, gametocytes

What are the hosts/vectors of Plasmodium spp.?

Definitive = mosquito; Intermediate = human

What is the epidemiology of Plasmodium spp.?

Tropics (Africa, Asia, S. America)

What is the pathogenesis of Plasmodium spp.?

Cyclical RBC lysis → anemia, splenomegaly

What are the symptoms of Plasmodium spp.?

Malaria: paroxysmal fevers, anemia, HSM

What is the immune response to Plasmodium spp.?

Partial immunity w/ exposure; sickle trait protective

What is the morphology of Toxoplasma gondii?

Crescent trophozoite; tissue cysts

What are the hosts/vectors of Toxoplasma gondii?

Definitive = cats; Intermediate = humans/rodents

What is the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii?

Worldwide; raw meat, cat feces

What is the pathogenesis of Toxoplasma gondii?

Tissue cysts in brain, muscle, eyes

What are the symptoms of Toxoplasma gondii?

Mono-like; congenital triad (chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, calcifications)

What is the immune response to Toxoplasma gondii?

CD8+ critical; cysts persist lifelong

What is the morphology of Leishmania spp.?

Promastigote (sandfly), Amastigote (macrophages)

What are the hosts/vectors of Leishmania spp.?

Reservoir = dogs/rodents; Vector = sandfly

What is the epidemiology of Leishmania spp.?

Tropics, Middle East, India

What is the pathogenesis of Leishmania spp.?

Macrophage infection → tissue destruction

What are the symptoms of Leishmania spp.?

Cutaneous ulcers; Kala-azar (fever, HSM, pancytopenia)

What is the immune response to Leishmania spp.?

Th1 = protection; Th2 = dissemination

What is the morphology of Trichuris trichiura?

Whip-like worm; barrel-shaped eggs

What are the hosts/vectors of Trichuris trichiura?

Humans only

What is the epidemiology of Trichuris trichiura?

Tropics; soil-contaminated food/hands

What is the pathogenesis of Trichuris trichiura?

Burrow in colon mucosa

What are the symptoms of Trichuris trichiura?

Often asymptomatic; diarrhea, abdominal pain, rectal prolapse, growth delay

What is the immune response to Trichuris trichiura?

Eosinophilia, IgE

What is the morphology of Ancylostoma/Necator?

Small curved worms; teeth/cutting plates

What are the hosts/vectors of Ancylostoma/Necator?

Humans (definitive)

What is the epidemiology of Ancylostoma/Necator?

Tropics; barefoot exposure

What is the pathogenesis of Ancylostoma/Necator?

Attach to SI wall → blood loss

What are the symptoms of Ancylostoma/Necator?

Ground itch, cough, GI cramps, iron deficiency anemia

What is the immune response to Ancylostoma/Necator?

Th2 + eosinophils

What is the morphology of Ascaris lumbricoides?

Largest nematode (20–35 cm)

What are the hosts/vectors of Ascaris lumbricoides?

Humans; pigs reservoir

What is the epidemiology of Ascaris lumbricoides?

Worldwide; most common helminth

What is the pathogenesis of Ascaris lumbricoides?

Mass effect; migration

What are the symptoms of Ascaris lumbricoides?

Abdominal pain, obstruction, biliary blockage

What is the immune response to Ascaris lumbricoides?

Th2 + eosinophilia

What is the morphology of Enterobius vermicularis?

Small thin worms; eggs flat on one side

What are the hosts/vectors of Enterobius vermicularis?

Humans only

What is the epidemiology of Enterobius vermicularis?

Worldwide; especially children

What is the pathogenesis of Enterobius vermicularis?

Perianal egg-laying

What are the symptoms of Enterobius vermicularis?

Nocturnal perianal pruritus, disturbed sleep

What is the immune response to Enterobius vermicularis?

Eosinophils, IgE

What is the morphology of Trichinella spiralis?

Encysted larvae in muscle

What are the hosts/vectors of Trichinella spiralis?

Humans accidental; pigs/bears definitive

What is the epidemiology of Trichinella spiralis?

Hunters (bear meat), worldwide

What is the pathogenesis of Trichinella spiralis?

Larvae in striated muscle

What are the symptoms of Trichinella spiralis?

GI upset; periorbital edema, myalgia, splinter hemorrhages, myocarditis

What is the immune response to Trichinella spiralis?

Eosinophilia; inflammation around cysts

What is the morphology of Wuchereria bancrofti?

Thread-like worms

What are the hosts/vectors of Wuchereria bancrofti?

Humans only; mosquito

What is the epidemiology of Wuchereria bancrofti?

Tropics

What is the pathogenesis of Wuchereria bancrofti?

Lymphatic vessel destruction → obstruction

What are the symptoms of Wuchereria bancrofti?

Asymptomatic for years → lymphedema/elephantiasis

What is the immune response to Wuchereria bancrofti?

Eosinophils, fibrosis

What is the morphology of Brugia malayi?

Smaller filaria

What are the hosts/vectors of Brugia malayi?

Humans; mosquito

What is the epidemiology of Brugia malayi?

SE Asia

What is the pathogenesis of Brugia malayi?

Lymphatic damage

What are the symptoms of Brugia malayi?

Lymphedema → elephantiasis (legs/genitals)

What is the immune response to Brugia malayi?

Eosinophilia

What is the morphology of Onchocerca volvulus?

Adult worms in nodules

What are the hosts/vectors of Onchocerca volvulus?

Humans; Simulium blackfly

What is the epidemiology of Onchocerca volvulus?

Sub-Saharan Africa, Yemen, Americas

What is the pathogenesis of Onchocerca volvulus?

Inflammation to dying larvae

What are the symptoms of Onchocerca volvulus?

River blindness, pruritus, “leopard skin”

What is the immune response to Onchocerca volvulus?

Wolbachia endosymbiont triggers inflammation

What is the morphology of Fasciolopsis buski?

Large leaf-shaped worm

What are the hosts/vectors of Fasciolopsis buski?

Definitive = humans/pigs; Intermediate = snails

What is the epidemiology of Fasciolopsis buski?

Asia; aquatic plants eaten raw

What is the pathogenesis of Fasciolopsis buski?

Attach to duodenal wall