Psychology Learning, Motivation, Personality

PSY 100

Learning

Relatively endruing change in behavior or thinking htat results from experience

Stimulus

An event or object that generally leads to a response

Neutral Stimulus

Stimlus that does not cause a relevant automatic or reflexive response

Habituation

Basic form of learning where exposure to a stimulus multiple times does not cause a strong reaction or as often

Classical Conditioning

Process in which two Stimuli become associated with each other: Neutral stimuli is conditioned to elicit an involuntary response associated with Pavlov

Unconditioned stimulus

Stimulus that automatically triggers an involuntary response

Unconditioned Response

A reflexive, involuntary, response to an unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned Stimulus

Previous neutral stimulus that through learning becomes assocaited with an unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned Response

A learned response to a conditioned stimulus

Stimulus Generalization

Tendency for Stimuli similar to the conditioned response

Stimulus discrminination

Ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli

Extinction

Conditioned response decreases after repeated exposure to conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned response

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a conditioned response following extinction

Higher order conditioning

Repeated pairings of a conditioned stimulus and a second neutral stimulus lead the second neutral stimulus to become a conditioned stimulus as well.

Conditioned taste aversion

Form of classical conditioning that occurs when an organism associates the taste of a particular food or drink with illness

Trace

CS is actives and turned off before USC is triggered

Simultaneous

CS and UCS are triggered at the same time

Delayed

CS is active while UCS actives later (Most effective method)

Backward

UCS is active and then terminated and then CS is active.

Thorndike Law Effect

Behavior are more likely to be repeated when followed by pleasurable outcome while behavior are not likely to be repeated when followed by unpleasant outcome

Reinforcers

Events/Stimuli and other consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior recurring

Operant Conditioning

Learning that occurs when voluntary actions become associated when reinforcers are added or presented following a target behavior (Skinner)

Postive Reinforcement

Process where reinforcers are added or presented following a target behavior increasing the likelihood of it occurring again.

Negative Reinforcement

Removal of a unpleasant stimulus following target behavior increasing the likelihood of that behavior occurring again.

Successive approximations

Method that reinforces a condition with a series of small step that gradually approach the target behavior steps

Fixed-ratio Schedule

Exhibit a predetermined number of desired behaviors before reinforces is given

Variable-Ratio Schedule

Exhibit a random number of desired behaviors before reward given

Fixed interval schedule

Reinforcer is given after pre-established interval of time

Variable-Interval Schedule

Reinforcer is given after randomized time interval

Punishment

Application of a conscience that decreases the likelihood of a behavior recurring

Positive Punishment

Addition of unpleasant stimulus after a unwanted behavior

Negative Punishment

Take away pleasant stimuli following unwanted behavior to decrease the unwanted behavior

Models

Individual or Character whose behavior is being imitated

Observational Learning

Learning that occurs as a result of watching the behavior of others (Bandura)

Prosocial behavior

Actions that are kind, generous, and beneficial to other

Latent Learning

Occurs without awareness and regardless of reinforcement and is not evident until needed

Bandura steps

1)Pay attention to model 2) Remember what they observed 3)capable of performing what they observed 4) Motivated to demonstrate the Behavior

Dual Hypothalamic Control

the opposing functional organization within the hypothalamus that maintains homeostasis

Lateral Hypothalamus

On switch for hunger drive

Ventro-Medial Hypothalamus (VMH)

Acts as the off switch for hunger

Gluco Static control

Short Term regulation that monitiors Glucose and Insulin

Lipostatic Control

The body monitors its fat stores and regulates food intake to maintain a stable, or "set-point," amount of adipose tissue. 20,000 fat cells

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Stimulates digestion and reduces Palatability (Appetite suppressant)

Ghrelin

Simulates appetite

Leptin

hormone produced by fat cells that regulates long-term energy balance, appetite, and body weight by signaling the brain to reduce hunger and increase energy expenditure. (Leptin levels low=Appetite increase)

Basal Metabolism

Resting metabolism (Metabolic Rate is high from baby-Late 20s) (After late 20s decreases)

Sexuality

Aspects of human nature including what makes humans sexual being/sexual activities /attitude and behaviors

Sexual Repsonse cycle

Excitement, Plateau, Orgasm and (Men only resolution)

Orgasm

Combination of gratifying sensations and a series of rhythmic muscular contractions

Refractory Period

Interval of time during which men cannot attain another orgasm

Sexual Orientation

Sex of those one is sexually and romantically attracted

Heterosexual

Attracted to opposite sex

Homosexual

Attracted to same sex

Bisexual

attracted to more than one gender or sex

Asexual

Not sexual attracted to any gender of sex (0.6-5.5% pop of US)

Fraternal Birth order effect

An older brother present in a family causes a higher probability of any brother after him to have the same sex attraction

Maternal Immunity

Cells from a male fetus can trigger an immune response, leading to antibodies that alter the development of neurons in the next male offspring.

Sexual Dysfunction

Significant disturbance in the ability to respond sexually or to gain pleasure from sex (43% Woman 31% men)

Lack of desire

Illness, fatigue, relationship frustration, and other situational factors

Lack of Arousal

Erectile disorder/Female seuxal intreast/arousal disorder

Lack of Orgasm

Female orgasmic disorder or Delayed/premature ejaculation

Presence of Pain

Genito-pelvic pain/penetration: Difficulty in intercourse, pain in the genitals, tension of pelvic floor muscles, and fear of pain

STI

Diseases or illness transmitted through sexual activity most are bacterial or viral

James-Lange

Presence of stimulus: physio arousal: emotion

Cannon Bard

Presence of stimulus ehtier leads to physio arosal or emotion

Schachter and Singer Two Factor Theory

Presense of stimulus: Physiological arousal: cognitive appraisal:(Label): emotion

Dutton and Aaron

The study, often referred to as the "shaky bridge" experiment, supports the idea that environmental factors can influence emotional interpretation
A study showed physio arousal can cause cognitive misappraisal

Valence and Rank

Box with snake and told participants to control heart rate with no physio arousal (calming of heart) lead to no cognitive arousal leading to no fear

Ekman-Jniversal facial expression of emotion

Joy/Happiness, Surprise, Sad, Fear, Anger, Disgust

Ide

Biological/Instincts/Drives,

Sex

Anything that causes bodily pleasure

Eros

Life Drive-libido-sex

Thanatos

Death Drive=aggression and survival of the fittest meaning best fit for the environment

Pleasure principle

the instinctive seeking of pleasure and avoiding of pain to satisfy biological and psychological needs

Ego

Executive of personality (boss/descisional rational/reason/ Thinker/problem solver)

Realty Principle

Assessment of the external world and postponing immediate instinctual gratification to meet long-term goals or social demands.

Super-ego

Comes from society Morals/values/socail norms/ culture

Oral

Age brith 2y Erogenous Zone Mouth

Anal

Age 2-4, Erogenous Zone Anus

Phallic Stage

Age:4-6 Gentails

Latency

7-12 none

Genital

12+ Gentials/mutual gratification

Fixations

Effect your personality conflict never resolved

Agressive

Present

Retentive

Suppressed

Oedipus complex

an Boy has unconscious attraction to his mother and hates his dad, but then internalizes the father identification

Oedipus complex-(electra complex)

Girls are unconscious of their attraction to their dad and hate their mom, but then internalize the mother identification.

Penis Envy

Freud believed that upon discovering anatomical differences, girls feel "castrated," leading to envy of the male, a sense of inferiority, and a desire to possess a penis.

Humanistic Psychology

Study. human creativity, growth, and health functioning in particular self actualization

Rogers

Innate urge to move toward situations and people that help us grow and pushes us away from situations/people that inhibit growth

Fully Functioning

Ability to find happiness and mental balence

Self Concept

Knowledge about ones strengths, abilities, behavior, patterns and temperament

Locus of control

Pattern of beliefs about where control or responsibility resides

Internal Locus of control (Rotter)

when life events happen people have some control over what happens to them

External Locus of Control

Believe life events happen to them without any of their control (Rotter)

Expectancy

Predicitons about outcomes or consequences of our behaviors (Rotter)

Social-cognitive perspective

Personality results from relationships and social and cognitive (patterns of thinking) (Bandura)

Self-efficacy

Belief about our ability and effectiveness in reaching goals (Bandura)

Reciprocal determinism

All interactions between cognitive, behavior, and the environment (Bandura)

Traits

Stable properties that describe elements of personality