Chapter 10 Motivation and Emotion

motivation

goal directed behavior

homeostasis

state of physiological equilibrium or stability

drive reduction theories

we engage in behaviors to reduce internal tension and return body to homeostasis. only explains biological behaviors. Based on intrinsic motivation (push factor)

incentive

external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior

incentive theory

we engage in behaviors when there is an incentive for doing so. Explains voluntary behaviors and based on extrinsic motivation (pull factor)

intrinsic motivation

Motivation that comes from "within," or from inside a person.

extrinsic motivation

Behavior that is motivated by some external reward.

hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion

ghrelin

hormone secreted by the stomach which causes stomach contractions and promotes hunger

leptin

hormone produced by fat cells, provides information to hypothalamus about body fat stores. Leptin high = less hunger pangs

variables influence food consumption

palatability, quantity available, variety, presence of others

obsesity

condition of being overweight

body mass index (BMI)

weight (in kilograms) divided by height (in meters) squared

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

emotion

subjective conscious experience, bodily arousal, overt expression

autonomic nervous system

Made up of nerves that connect to heart, blood vessels, organs, and glands. (Involuntary)

sympathetic nervous system

Branch of the autonomic nervous system that produces rapid physical arousal in response to perceived emergencies or threats. (fight or flight)

parasympathetic nervous system

A subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body after action and also retains the body functioning at is normal state (rest and digest)

polygraph

A device that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion.

amygdala

A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression.

facial feedback hypothesis

The hypothesis that changes in facial expression can lead to corresponding changes in emotion

Paul Ekman

6 basic emotions: sadness, happiness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust; from cross-cultural studies, individuals could recognize facial expressions corresponding to those six; universal

display rules

norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotion

James-Lange Theory

stimulus - physical arousal - experience emotion

Cannon-Bard Theory

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

Schachter Two Factor Theory

The first factor is physiological arousal; the second factor is how we cognitively label the experience of arousal. The emotion that we experience is the result of the label that we apply. For example, if we cry at a wedding, we interpret our emotion as happiness, but if we cry at a funeral, we interpret our emotion as sadness

overjustification effect

The effect that an extrinsic reward can reduce a person't intrinsic motivation for a behavior

Lazarus Theory

Experience of emotion depends on how the situation is labelled. We label the situation, which then leads to emotional and physiological response

broaden and build theory

theory proposing that happiness predisposes us to think more openly