gabbie's super awesome AP world history study set

i took all the bullet points and put them together- keep in mind this is a work in progress and doesn't have every chapter YET i will be done soon

Describe the difference between Buddhist and neo Confucian views within China around 1200

Buddhist- moral and social responsibility

Mental discipline= salvation

Neo-Confucianist- Focused on spirituality

Regular civilian > Military personnel

Describe two ways in which women were marginalized during the Song Dynasty

• Women’s property is automatically passed down to husband

• Men had more power/authority than women

Chinese cultural diffusion on Korea

• Rice cultivation

• absorption of confucianism and Buddhism

• sent monks to China

Chinese Cultural diffusion on Japan

• Rice cultivation

• Implemented taik (a Confucian legal code)

• Complex law emerged

Chinese Cultural diffusion on Vietnam

• Rice cultivation

• Adopted confucian procedures

Theravada Buddhism

Goal: nirvana- the absence of suffering

“Be a higher person”

Mahayana Buddhism

Goal: reach Nirvana but stay human to help others

“Stay humble and help”

Why was champa rice so impactful in China and the rest of East Asia?

It made production faster, meaning more fluid profit and increased the population

What advancements did China make during this period in transportation?

Canals- created the longest artificial waterway, created large ships

What regions combined to form Dar Al Islam, and what are their common characteristics?

North Africa, Middle East, Central and South Asia

• Geographical and human/population diversity

Causes of decline for the Abbasid Caliphate

Unrepaired damage from natural disasters destroying Baghdad- The canal system in the Tigris and Euphrates valley collapsed, impacting agriculture

Boom in Iranian cotton production- Strained food resources when climate changed

Riots broke out between sunnis and shi’ites- Rulers didn’t do anything, resulting in damage to baghdad

Internecine, what does it mean?

Destruction/damage to both parties in a conflict.

Summarize the Crusades’ impact on Dar al-Islam

• captured Jerusalem

• contributed to the capture of Cairo’s government

What were the accomplishments of Saladin?

• recaptured Jerusalem

• Established dominion over Egypt and Syria

Who was Saladin?

Sultan of Egypt

Describe how Islam spread into the Kingdom of Mali in Africa

• Mansa musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca

• Saharan trade

What was the significance of the Muslim conquest of northern India and the subsequent Delhi sultanate?

• Extended rule over Hindu leaders

• Recognized as a Muslim realm

How did the spread of Islam into South and Southeast Asia impact the people native to those regions?

• muslim invasions destroyed Buddhist centers

  • Buddhism became a minor faith

How did trade play a significant role in the spread of Islam to these regions?

Merchants were drawn to Islam because of its common morality and code

• Muslims dominated long distance trade

What was distinct about the rule of the Delhi sultanate and the majority of the people it governed?

Citizens disliked sultanate policies and didn’t like religious intolerance- ending in citizens fighting back

Delhi Sultanate

Muslim kingdom in North India, spanned from the early 1200s to the 1500s,

What was the spiritual significance of Srivijaya?

The king presented himself as “higher” and has achieved enlightenment and was there to better his subjects

What was the spiritual significance of Borobodur?

• A temple built to display srivijayan glory

Describe the political structure of the Aztec society.

• had a leader (tlatoan) running an ethnic state, religiously politically and socially

• There were then groups called capolli made up of many families but dealt with land allocations and local ordeals

Characteristics of the Inca Empire in South America

• Established dominance to surrounding areas with conquest and forced exchange

• Large military

• Had self governing groups like the aztecs

Major difference between political structures of the Aztec and the Inca

Aztec- Hierarchical way of life

Inca- groups that kept to themselves but were still united

What shifts in population did Europe and China face in the 12th century?

• RIsing population in China

• Rising population in Europe (Because of the revival of the economy)

What shifts in population did Europe and China face in the 13th century?

• China lowered (Mongol Conquest)

• Europe rising (improved agriculture- three field system)

What was the three field system? How did it bring improvements to Europe?

A new agricultural technique that eliminated the need to wait for soil to be fertile

• Population growth because people were moving to fertile land

• abundance of resources

Why did “god’s wrath” strike most people as a better explanation for the Black Death than contagion?

The high religious population and the lack of scientific research led people to believe that the plague was a consequence of their sins

What was the Magna Carta?

Issued in the 1200’s, signed by King John of England that limited the King’s rights and guaranteed due proccess

What was the hundred years’ war?

• England and France were fighting for the throne

• Both wanted control of the English channel and the majority of Europe

• Established the boundaries of France and England

What was the importance of the Hanseatic league?

• An association of trading cities and merchant guilds

• dominated trade in the Baltic and north sea

How did changes in the textile industry help initiate change in European economies?

Due to taxes and trade, textiles were very profitable, making textiles a reliable source of income

Describe civic life for Jews in Europe from 1200-1450

• received persecution and expulsion during plague times

• Spanish monarchs expelled Jews to gain “purity”

How did guilds bring about economic changes in Europe?

Created more job opportunities

What Italian city rose to prominence as a result of trade and guilds, which would later become the center of the Renaissance?

Florence

What was the Great Western Schism?

When multiple popes were fighting for loyalty and authority over the Catholic Church

What is feudalism?

A social system built on loyalty

• Monarchs

• Nobles

• Knights

• Peasants/Serfs

What was the relationship between the church and monarchs in the 14th century?

The church and monarchs were competing for central power

How did the 100 years war help bring an end to traditional medieval methods of war?

The 100 years war introduced new technologies like canons that proved to be more advantageous than old medieval methods of war.

How did the new monarchies of France, England and Spain represent a shift in power?

The new monarchies represented independence from the church.

What was the reconquest of Iberia?

A Christian invasion of Iberia from Muslim Rule.

What two modern day countries are on the Iberian peninsula?

Spain and Portugal

What were the ottoman soldiers called and what was their military specialty?

Janissaries

• Yeni cheri

What is scholasticism?

A philosophy focused on faith and reason

• Founded by Thomas Aquinas

Where was the first printing press in the 15th century developed?

Germany

What contributed to the growth of urban centers in Europe after 1200?

Manufacturing and trade

Which region particularly benefited from maritime trade with the eastern Mediterranean and Indian ocean markets?

Northern Italy

The “Fourth Crusade” led to temporary Byzantine control loss, allowing Venice to expand its trading colonies where?

The black sea

What contributed to Italian trade after the decline of the caravan trade in the fourteenth century?

Purchasing goods brought by other middlemen

Which city became a significant center for textile manufacturing in the thirteenth century?

Ypres

The Hanseatic League primarily traded in which region?

Baltic Sea

What technique replaced the custom of leaving half the land fallow each year in medieval farming?

Three-field system

Why did the population of Europe double between 1100 and 1445?

Severe epidemics causing high mortality

What was a major cause of the great famine of 1315-1317?

Decreased rainfall and crop failure

What was one significant environmental consequence of industrial growth in medieval Europe?

Increased pollution of streams and rivers

How did the black Death impact european towns and cities?

It triggered a building boom in cities

What is the primary reasons the three field system was introduced in farming?

To improve crop yields and soil fertility

What or who was the Khan and how was he perceived by the mongol people?

The khan was the leader of nomads and the mongol people followed his decisions but still had independence.

What countries were conquered by the mongols in the 13th century?

Poland, Hungary, Moscow, north china

What Empire- did Khubilai Khan create in China in 1271?

Yuan Empire

Describe the military tactics and advantages the mongol soldiers used in battle

Shoot arrows from far away →charge enemies with melee weapons

In which directions did the mongol campaigns before 1240 go?

Away from the Empire- of the great Khan, towards khanates

Describe the difference between Marco polo’s journey to China and his journey home

To china- went through the mainland (Khan empires)

Back- went around most of China through sea

Explain why religious differences with Islam and Buddhism may have led to dividing the mongols

• different practices

• different religions than leaders

• islam clashes with mongol ways

• mongol laws go against Islamic religious rules

What modern country is just south of the sultanate of Delhi?

India

Which mongol Empire- occupied baghdad?

Il Khan Empire

The mamluk sultanate, which was not seized by mongols, was located in what modern country?

Egypt

Who was Timur?

Commanded the chagatai Khanate

How did the voyages and writings of Marco Polo impact Europeans?

• encouraged Europeans to create connections to Asia

• gave insight to mongol Empire

What was the political impact of the mongols on Russia?

• Sarai ruled Russia from afar

• Russian princes still had power

How can trade routes be associated with the spread of infectious diseases?

Rats carried fleas that spread disease

Who is considered one of the greatest historians of the 14th century, and where was he from?

Ibn Khaldun, from Tunisia

Cultural diffusion between the mongols and the Chinese

• the construction of an observatory in Beijing by Iranians

• introduction of tax farming in China over fixed-rate method

How was Korea impacted by the mongols?

• after war, Korea suffered socially and economically

• Mongols exposed Korea to Neo-confucianism and chan Buddhism

How was Japan impacted by the mongols?

• destroyed calvary

• quickened social and political changes

• developed mongol fighting tactics

How was Vietnam impacted by the mongols?

• established “puppet” government

• mongols were too busy conquering other territories, minimizing Vietnamese cultural diffusion

Political impact of the mongols on the Yuan Dynasty/China

• got rid of civil service exam

• Kublai Khan was the emperor

• only time they were ruled by someone not Chinese

Economic Impact of the mongols on the Yuan Dynasty/China

• trade thrived on silk road- pax mongolica

• Beijing- center of economic life

Cultural impact of the mongols on the Yuan Dynasty/China

• Chinese and mongol segregation

• Chinese and mongol could also not marry

Continuities in China/Yuan Dynasty during Mongol Rule

• mandate of heaven was still believed

• Buddhism and confucianism

Pax Mongolica

Because of the extent of Mongol territories caused by their invasions, the silk road was completely taken over by mongol rule, creating a period of peace.

Political impact of the mongols on the Khanate of the GOlden Horde/Russia

• Sarai ruled from afar

• Russian princes still had power

• Autonomous

Economic Impact of the mongols on Russia/Khanate of the Golden Horde

• heavily taxed

• isolated and cut off from trade routes

Cultural impact of the mongols on Russia/Khanate of the Golden Horde

• made their own orthodox Christianity

• developed their own culture because they were cut off and isolated

Continuities during Mongol Rule in Russia/Khanate of the Golden Horde

• continued bureaucracy and religion

• spoke Slavic

Political impact of the mongols on the Il-Khan Empire/Persia

• Fall of Abbasid caliphate

• Baghdad fell

Economic impact of the mongols on the Il-Khan Empire/Persia

benefitted from Pax Mongolica

Cultural impact of the mongols on the Il-Khan Empire/Persia

• Mongols settled down in the Empire- and became Muslim

Continuities during mongol rule in the Il-Khan Empire/Persia

• Muslim/Persian bureaucracy stayed the same

• remained Muslim

How did the mongols achieve success in battle despite often being outnumbered?

They utilized superior riding and archery skills

What were the key lessons that Chinggis Khan learned during his youth that influenced his leadership style?

The value of religious tolerance, dealing firmly with enemies and appreciating cultural diversity

What was the significance in mongol society, particularly during interregnum periods?

Women could manage state affairs during the absence of a ruler

How did the mongols achieve their military successes in battles?

They replied on advanced technology and superior weaponry

What led to the creation of the Yuan Empire- and its subsequent rise to power?

The Yuan Empire was established by Khubilai Khan and became a major territorial power

How did the decline of mongol power contribute to the emergence of new empires?

It allowed Lithuania and Serbia to establish themselves as independent powers

What was the primary concern from mongol imperial history regarding the adoption of Islam?

Political rivalries

Which of the following regions was not controlled by the Il-Khan state established by Chinggis's grandson Hulegu?

Mesopotamia