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What are the 3 main sections of the ear?
External, middle, and inner
The external ear contains what 2 important structures?
auricle and external auditory canal
The middle ear contains what important structures?
tympanic membrane and ossicle bones
The tympanic membrane importance
initiates process of converting sound waves to electrical nerve impulses
Damage to the tympanic membrane can cause what?
hearing loss
what are the 3 ossicle bones?
malleus, incus and stapes
The inner ear consists of what?
cochlea, semicircular canals, and estachian tube
the cochlea importance
continues the conversion of sound waves to nerve impulses for the brain
The semicircular canals importance
maintain balance
The eustachain tube importance
regulates pressure within the middle ear
Otitis externa is when
inflammation or infection of the external auditory canal
Otitis externa MOI
exposure to water, moist environment
Otitis externa S/S
tenderness within cancal, tenderness when auricle is pulled, red/swollen canal, drainage may be present, itching within the canal, decreased hearing
Otitis externa Management and RTP
antibiotic or antifungal ear drops, irrigation w sterile saline or hydrogen peroxide, discontinue swimming
can return to activity once symptoms are reduced
Otitis externa prevention
tight fitting swim cap/ear plugs, hair dryer to ear canal, drying agents
Otitis media is when
infection within inner or middle ear
Otitis media S/S
ear pain, ear pressure decreased hearing, dizziness, fever
Otitis media management and rtp
oral antibiotics or analgesics for pain
phsyicans call→ usually good as long as no fever and withheld up to 3 days for swimmers
Perforated tympanic membrane is when
a hole or tear is formed in the tympanic membrane
Perforated tympanic membrane moi
forceful blow to the ear, secondary ear infection, severe changes in atmospheric pressure, extreme water pressure, external object
Perforated tympanic membrane S/S
loss of hearing, ear pain, dizziness, drainage, whistling sound with sneezing or blowing nose
Perforated tympanic membrane management and rtp
referral to physician, oral antibiotics, analgesics for pain (if present), patch may be applied, surgery if ossicles fractures, healed within 2-3 weeks
may return if not experiencing dizziness, swimmers/divers out until fully healed
auricular hematoma is when
fluid drains into the auricle, causing “cauliflower ear”
what is the sclera
the white part of the eye, forms the outer protective layer of the eye
what is the cornea
located in the center of the most anterior portion of the eye
what is the conjuctiva
the thin mucous membrane, covers the anterior eye, lines the eye lids
what is the pupil
located in the center of iris, controls the amount of light allowed into the eye
what is the anterior chamber
formed by the space between the cornea and iris; filled with aqueous humor
what is the lens
located posterior to the pupil and iris, surrounded by ciliary bodies
what is the ciliary bodies
ring of muscular tissue, controls shape of lens through contraction and relaxation, controls degree of focus on near or far objects, produces aqueous humor
what is the retina
multi-layer tissue, lines inner posterior portion of the eye
what is the vitreous humor
makes up the space within the eye globe
what is the macula
located in the center of the retina; provides detailed central vision
what is the fovea
located within center of macula; responsible for sharpest detail in central vision
what is the optic nerve
transmits nerve impulses
what is the optic disc
portion of the optic nerve, visible when view with ophthaloscope
the orbit or eye socket is formed by how many bones?
7
what portion of the eye socket is most likely to fracture
floor and medial walls
the extraocular muscles control what movements
4 rectus muscles: adduct, abduct, elevate, depress
2 oblique muscles: circular movements
what is the lacrimal apparatus
produce, distribute, and collect tears
what is a stye
clogging and infection of oil gland
stye is caused by what bacteria
staphylococcal
stye s/s
pain, redness, excessive tearing, blurred vision, granular sensation in eye, oozing pus
stye management and RTP
warm compress 10—15 min 3-4x/day, do NOT pop
do not prevent participation unless needing to be drained
what is conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva
what are the types of conjunctiva
infectious (contagious), allergic, irritant
observation for conjunctivitis
allergic → typically occurs in both eyes, tearing and redness
viral → begins in one eye and spreads, clear discharge
bacterial → begins in one eye and spreads, yellow discharge
conjunctivitis s/s
redness, pain, discharge, swelling. feeling of sand in eye
conjunctivitis management and RTP
antibiotic drops, do not rub eyes, wash hands frequently, wear glasses instead of contacts
does not prevent participation but precautions should be taken to prevent spread of infection; no sharing of towels
what is subconjunctival hemorrhage
bleeding under the conjuctiva
subconjunctival hemorrhage MOI
trauma, forceful coughing, high blood pressure
subconjunctival hemorrhage management
resolves within 1-3 weeks
what is a corneal abrasions and MOI
cut in cornea
blow to eye, foreign object in eye
corneal abrasion s/s
sensation of something in eye, photophobic, pain
what do you use to diagnose corneal abrasions
fluorescein strips w/cobalt blue light
corneal abrasions management
antibiotic drops, eye patch, refer to ophthalmologist, discontinue use of contacts until healed
what is a hyphema
bleeding into the anterior chamber
hyphema MOI
casued by direct blow to eye
hyphema S/S
painnad vision changes
hyphema management
immediate referral to ER, no NSAID, rest from activity
what are the paranasal sinuses
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoidal, maxillary
If someone had a runny nose what is the cause
the inflammation of mucous membranes
Congestion and pressure is caused by
accumulation of mucous and drainage within nasal cavity and sinuses
if a patient has referred pain to teeth what should be high on you DDx
sinus infections
epistaxis is the medical term for
bloody nose
etiology of epistaxis
trauma, infection, dry nasal passages, allergies, hypertension
epistaxis treatment
lean forwards slightly and pinch nostrils, apply ice bag to nose, packed w roller gauze or tampons
frequent epistaxis and occipital headaches are classical signs and symptoms of
hypertension
treatment for a nasal fracture
ice and be applied for reduce pain and swelling, refer
what is allergic rhinitis
allergies; seasonal and perennial
what is the main difference between seasonal and perennial allergies
season occurs in particular seasons (usually peak pollen) while perennial occurs throughout the year, common triggers are animal dander, dust, cockroach droppings, mold
allergic rhinitis s/s
sneezing, congestion, itchy and watery eyes
what is sinusitis and sinus infections
inflammation or irritation of the mucous membranes that line the sinus cavities
sinusitis and sinus infections s/s
congestion, drainage from the sinuses, headache, sinus pressure, pain in teeth
sinusitis and sinus infections treatment and RTP
decongestants and antibiotics for bacterial
no fever, above the neck rule
the crown of the tooth is
visible portion of the tooth, made of enamel
the dentin of the tooth is
layer below the enamel, harden than bone
the root of the tooth
contains blood vessels and nerves the provide circulation and sensation to tooth
tooth s/s
can be local and specific (cavity, tooth fracture, infection) or local (sinuses or ear)
swollen, red, or bleeding gums (gingivitis)
sensitivity to hot and cold food or beverages (demineralization of teeth secondary to plaque or cavities)
bad breath (poor dental hygiene or periodontal disease)
white or yellow plaques (fungual infections)
what is gingivitis
a bacterial infection of the gums
gingivitis preventions
maintaining good oral hygiene
what is periodontitis
inflammation and infection from gingivitis spreads to the ligaments and bones that support the teeth
periodontitis s/s
swollen read and bleeding gums, infections, bad breath, partially loose teeth
periodontitis management
referred to a dentist
what are dental caries
general tooth decay associated with demineralization of the tooth enamel; plaque forms from food, saliva, bacteria and mucous with 20 minutes of eating, plaque’s acidity can cause demineralization that can cause cavities
dental caries s/s
sensitivity to hot and cold beverages, bad breath, chalky white spot on tooth is first sign
dental caries management
fillings, crowns, root canal, tooth extraction
oral cancer risk factors
tobacco use, alcohol use, heavy use of tobacco and alcohol combined, exposure to HPV virus, age, gender, ultraviolet light exposure, diet low in vegetables and fruits
oral cancer s/s
hoareness that lasts for an extended period of time, difficulty and/or pain swallowing or chewing, masses in the mouth or neck
oral cancer treatment
surgery, chemotherapy, radiation
what 2 anatomical structures help fight against infection in the throat?
adenoids and tonsils
what are the 3 functions of the larynx
prevent food and fluids from entering the trachea, produce sound vibrations, assist in cough mechanism
who is most susceptible to getting thrush
infants breast feeding and asthmatics
laryngitis s/s and management
hoarseness or complete inability to speak, sore throat, difficulty swallowing
rest, analgesics, hydration
pharyngitis s/s and management
difficulty swallowing, possible pain in ears, red throat w/ possible pus pockets
rest, analgesics, hydration
tonsilitis s/s
sore throat, difficulty swallowing, pain/pressure in ears, red throat, swollen tonsils
tonsilitis treatment
bacterial → antibiotics (white spots)
viral → otc meds to relieve symptoms, gargle w salt water
strep throat s/s
severe sore throat (razors), difficulty swallowing, fever, malaise
strep throat management
antibiotics, analgesics, antipyretics, throat lozenges, gargle w salt water, throat sprays
the common cold is either what 2 types of viruses
rhino or corona
