Gen Med Exam 1

What are the 3 main sections of the ear?

External, middle, and inner

The external ear contains what 2 important structures?

auricle and external auditory canal

The middle ear contains what important structures?

tympanic membrane and ossicle bones

The tympanic membrane importance

initiates process of converting sound waves to electrical nerve impulses

Damage to the tympanic membrane can cause what?

hearing loss

what are the 3 ossicle bones?

malleus, incus and stapes

The inner ear consists of what?

cochlea, semicircular canals, and estachian tube

the cochlea importance

continues the conversion of sound waves to nerve impulses for the brain

The semicircular canals importance

maintain balance

The eustachain tube importance

regulates pressure within the middle ear

Otitis externa is when

inflammation or infection of the external auditory canal

Otitis externa MOI

exposure to water, moist environment

Otitis externa S/S

tenderness within cancal, tenderness when auricle is pulled, red/swollen canal, drainage may be present, itching within the canal, decreased hearing

Otitis externa Management and RTP

antibiotic or antifungal ear drops, irrigation w sterile saline or hydrogen peroxide, discontinue swimming

can return to activity once symptoms are reduced

Otitis externa prevention

tight fitting swim cap/ear plugs, hair dryer to ear canal, drying agents

Otitis media is when

infection within inner or middle ear

Otitis media S/S

ear pain, ear pressure decreased hearing, dizziness, fever

Otitis media management and rtp

oral antibiotics or analgesics for pain

phsyicans call→ usually good as long as no fever and withheld up to 3 days for swimmers

Perforated tympanic membrane is when

a hole or tear is formed in the tympanic membrane

Perforated tympanic membrane moi

forceful blow to the ear, secondary ear infection, severe changes in atmospheric pressure, extreme water pressure, external object

Perforated tympanic membrane S/S

loss of hearing, ear pain, dizziness, drainage, whistling sound with sneezing or blowing nose

Perforated tympanic membrane management and rtp

referral to physician, oral antibiotics, analgesics for pain (if present), patch may be applied, surgery if ossicles fractures, healed within 2-3 weeks

may return if not experiencing dizziness, swimmers/divers out until fully healed

auricular hematoma is when

fluid drains into the auricle, causing “cauliflower ear”

what is the sclera

the white part of the eye, forms the outer protective layer of the eye

what is the cornea

located in the center of the most anterior portion of the eye

what is the conjuctiva

the thin mucous membrane, covers the anterior eye, lines the eye lids

what is the pupil

located in the center of iris, controls the amount of light allowed into the eye

what is the anterior chamber

formed by the space between the cornea and iris; filled with aqueous humor

what is the lens

located posterior to the pupil and iris, surrounded by ciliary bodies

what is the ciliary bodies

ring of muscular tissue, controls shape of lens through contraction and relaxation, controls degree of focus on near or far objects, produces aqueous humor

what is the retina

multi-layer tissue, lines inner posterior portion of the eye

what is the vitreous humor

makes up the space within the eye globe

what is the macula

located in the center of the retina; provides detailed central vision

what is the fovea

located within center of macula; responsible for sharpest detail in central vision

what is the optic nerve

transmits nerve impulses

what is the optic disc

portion of the optic nerve, visible when view with ophthaloscope

the orbit or eye socket is formed by how many bones?

7

what portion of the eye socket is most likely to fracture

floor and medial walls

the extraocular muscles control what movements

4 rectus muscles: adduct, abduct, elevate, depress

2 oblique muscles: circular movements

what is the lacrimal apparatus

produce, distribute, and collect tears

what is a stye

clogging and infection of oil gland

stye is caused by what bacteria

staphylococcal

stye s/s

pain, redness, excessive tearing, blurred vision, granular sensation in eye, oozing pus

stye management and RTP

warm compress 10—15 min 3-4x/day, do NOT pop

do not prevent participation unless needing to be drained

what is conjunctivitis

inflammation of the conjunctiva

what are the types of conjunctiva

infectious (contagious), allergic, irritant

observation for conjunctivitis

allergic → typically occurs in both eyes, tearing and redness

viral → begins in one eye and spreads, clear discharge

bacterial → begins in one eye and spreads, yellow discharge

conjunctivitis s/s

redness, pain, discharge, swelling. feeling of sand in eye

conjunctivitis management and RTP

antibiotic drops, do not rub eyes, wash hands frequently, wear glasses instead of contacts

does not prevent participation but precautions should be taken to prevent spread of infection; no sharing of towels

what is subconjunctival hemorrhage

bleeding under the conjuctiva

subconjunctival hemorrhage MOI

trauma, forceful coughing, high blood pressure

subconjunctival hemorrhage management

resolves within 1-3 weeks

what is a corneal abrasions and MOI

cut in cornea

blow to eye, foreign object in eye

corneal abrasion s/s

sensation of something in eye, photophobic, pain

what do you use to diagnose corneal abrasions

fluorescein strips w/cobalt blue light

corneal abrasions management

antibiotic drops, eye patch, refer to ophthalmologist, discontinue use of contacts until healed

what is a hyphema

bleeding into the anterior chamber

hyphema MOI

casued by direct blow to eye

hyphema S/S

painnad vision changes

hyphema management

immediate referral to ER, no NSAID, rest from activity

what are the paranasal sinuses

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoidal, maxillary

If someone had a runny nose what is the cause

the inflammation of mucous membranes

Congestion and pressure is caused by

accumulation of mucous and drainage within nasal cavity and sinuses

if a patient has referred pain to teeth what should be high on you DDx

sinus infections

epistaxis is the medical term for

bloody nose

etiology of epistaxis

trauma, infection, dry nasal passages, allergies, hypertension

epistaxis treatment

lean forwards slightly and pinch nostrils, apply ice bag to nose, packed w roller gauze or tampons

frequent epistaxis and occipital headaches are classical signs and symptoms of

hypertension

treatment for a nasal fracture

ice and be applied for reduce pain and swelling, refer

what is allergic rhinitis

allergies; seasonal and perennial

what is the main difference between seasonal and perennial allergies

season occurs in particular seasons (usually peak pollen) while perennial occurs throughout the year, common triggers are animal dander, dust, cockroach droppings, mold

allergic rhinitis s/s

sneezing, congestion, itchy and watery eyes

what is sinusitis and sinus infections

inflammation or irritation of the mucous membranes that line the sinus cavities

sinusitis and sinus infections s/s

congestion, drainage from the sinuses, headache, sinus pressure, pain in teeth

sinusitis and sinus infections treatment and RTP

decongestants and antibiotics for bacterial

no fever, above the neck rule

the crown of the tooth is

visible portion of the tooth, made of enamel

the dentin of the tooth is

layer below the enamel, harden than bone

the root of the tooth

contains blood vessels and nerves the provide circulation and sensation to tooth

tooth s/s

can be local and specific (cavity, tooth fracture, infection) or local (sinuses or ear)

swollen, red, or bleeding gums (gingivitis)

sensitivity to hot and cold food or beverages (demineralization of teeth secondary to plaque or cavities)

bad breath (poor dental hygiene or periodontal disease)

white or yellow plaques (fungual infections)

what is gingivitis

a bacterial infection of the gums

gingivitis preventions

maintaining good oral hygiene

what is periodontitis

inflammation and infection from gingivitis spreads to the ligaments and bones that support the teeth

periodontitis s/s

swollen read and bleeding gums, infections, bad breath, partially loose teeth

periodontitis management

referred to a dentist

what are dental caries

general tooth decay associated with demineralization of the tooth enamel; plaque forms from food, saliva, bacteria and mucous with 20 minutes of eating, plaque’s acidity can cause demineralization that can cause cavities

dental caries s/s

sensitivity to hot and cold beverages, bad breath, chalky white spot on tooth is first sign

dental caries management

fillings, crowns, root canal, tooth extraction

oral cancer risk factors

tobacco use, alcohol use, heavy use of tobacco and alcohol combined, exposure to HPV virus, age, gender, ultraviolet light exposure, diet low in vegetables and fruits

oral cancer s/s

hoareness that lasts for an extended period of time, difficulty and/or pain swallowing or chewing, masses in the mouth or neck

oral cancer treatment

surgery, chemotherapy, radiation

what 2 anatomical structures help fight against infection in the throat?

adenoids and tonsils

what are the 3 functions of the larynx

prevent food and fluids from entering the trachea, produce sound vibrations, assist in cough mechanism

who is most susceptible to getting thrush

infants breast feeding and asthmatics

laryngitis s/s and management

hoarseness or complete inability to speak, sore throat, difficulty swallowing

rest, analgesics, hydration

pharyngitis s/s and management

difficulty swallowing, possible pain in ears, red throat w/ possible pus pockets

rest, analgesics, hydration

tonsilitis s/s

sore throat, difficulty swallowing, pain/pressure in ears, red throat, swollen tonsils

tonsilitis treatment

bacterial → antibiotics (white spots)

viral → otc meds to relieve symptoms, gargle w salt water

strep throat s/s

severe sore throat (razors), difficulty swallowing, fever, malaise

strep throat management

antibiotics, analgesics, antipyretics, throat lozenges, gargle w salt water, throat sprays

the common cold is either what 2 types of viruses

rhino or corona