Unit R - Solids, liquids, gases (copy)

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5c (5.9-5.10), 5d (5.15-5.22)

14 Terms

1

Solid

  • Strong forces of attraction hold particles close together in fixed, regular arrangement

  • Particles don’t have much energy so can only vibrate about fixed positions

<ul><li><p><strong>Strong forces </strong>of attraction hold particles <strong>close together </strong>in <strong>fixed</strong>, <strong>regular </strong>arrangement</p></li><li><p>Particles don’t have much <strong>energy </strong>so can only <strong>vibrate </strong>about <strong>fixed </strong>positions</p></li></ul>
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2

Liquid

  • Weaker forces of attraction between particles

  • Particles close together, but can move past each other and form irregular arrangements

  • More energy than particles in solid

  • Particles move in random directions at low speeds

<ul><li><p><strong>Weaker forces</strong> of attraction between particles</p></li><li><p>Particles <strong>close together</strong>, but can <strong>move past each other</strong> and form <strong>irregular </strong>arrangements</p></li><li><p><strong>More energy</strong> than particles in <strong>solid</strong></p></li><li><p>Particles move in <strong>random directions</strong> at <strong>low speeds</strong></p></li></ul>
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3

Gas

  • Almost no forces of attraction between particles

  • Particles have more energy than those in liquids/solids

  • Free to move

  • Travel in random directions at high speeds

<ul><li><p><strong>Almost no </strong>forces of attraction between particles</p></li><li><p>Particles have <strong>more energy </strong>than those in <strong>liquids</strong>/<strong>solids</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Free to move</strong></p></li><li><p>Travel in <strong>random directions </strong>at <strong>high speeds</strong></p></li></ul>
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4

Melting

Extra energy makes particles vibrate faster until eventually forces between them are partly overcome and particles start to move around

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5

Boiling

When you heat liquid, extra energy is transferred into particles’ KE stores, making them move faster

Eventually, when enough of particles have enough energy to overcome attraction to each other, big bubbles of gas form in liquid

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6

Evaporation

  • When particles escape from liquid and become gas particles

  • Particles can evaporate from liquid below liquid’s boiling point

  • Particles near surface of liquid can escape and become gas particles if:

    • Particles are travelling in right direction to escape liquid

    • Particles are travelling fast enough (have enough energy in KE stores) to overcome attractive forces of other particles

  • Fastest particles are most likely to evaporate from liquid
    When they do, the avg. speed + energy in KE stores of remaining particles decreases

  • Decrease in avg. particle energy means temp of remaining liquid falls - liquid cools

<ul><li><p>When particles <strong>escape </strong>from <strong>liquid</strong> and become <strong>gas </strong>particles</p></li><li><p>Particles can <strong>evaporate</strong> from liquid <strong>below </strong>liquid’s <strong>boiling point</strong></p></li><li><p>Particles <strong>near surface</strong> of liquid can escape and become gas particles if:</p><ul><li><p>Particles are travelling in <strong>right direction</strong> to escape liquid</p></li><li><p>Particles are travelling <strong>fast enough</strong> (have enough energy in KE stores) to overcome <strong>attractive forces</strong> of <strong>other particles</strong></p></li></ul></li><li><p><strong>Fastest particles</strong> are <strong>most likely </strong>to evaporate from liquid<br>When they do, the <strong>avg. speed </strong>+ <strong>energy</strong> in <strong>KE stores</strong> of remaining particles <strong>decreases</strong></p></li><li><p>Decrease in avg. particle energy means <strong>temp </strong>of remaining liquid <strong>falls</strong> - liquid <strong>cools</strong></p></li></ul>
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7

Gas pressure

  • As gas particles move around, they randomly collide with each other and whatever else is in the way

  • Gas particles have mass, though very light
    When they collide with something, they exert force on it and their momentum + direction change
    In sealed container, gas particles smash against wall’s - creating outward pressure

  • Pressure depends on speed of particles + how often they hit walls

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8

Absolute zero

273ᵒC / 0K

The coldest that anything can ever get

At absolute zero, particles have as little energy in KE stores as possible

Start of Kelvin scale

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9

Temp conversion (ᵒC to K)

ᵒC → K = +273

K → ᵒC = -273

<p><span>ᵒC → K = </span><strong><span>+273</span></strong></p><p><span>K → ᵒC = </span><strong><span>-273</span></strong></p>
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10

Gas temp and speed of particles

  • Gases consist of very small particles, constantly moving in random directions
    Particles take up hardly any space

  • Particles constantly collide with and bounce off each other + container walls

  • If you increase temp of gas, particles get more energy
    Double temp (measured in K) = double average energy in KE stores of particles

  • As you heat up gas, average speed of particles increases
    Anything moving has energy in KE store, equal to 1/2mv²

<ul><li><p>Gases consist of <strong>very small particles</strong>, constantly<strong> moving </strong>in <strong>random directions</strong><br>Particles take up hardly any space</p></li><li><p>Particles constantly <strong>collide</strong> with and <strong>bounce off</strong> <strong>each other</strong> + <strong>container walls</strong></p></li><li><p>If you <strong>increase</strong> temp of gas, particles get <strong>more energy</strong><br><strong>Double </strong>temp (measured in <strong>K</strong>) = <strong>double </strong>average <strong>energy </strong>in <strong>KE stores </strong>of particles</p></li><li><p>As you <strong>heat up </strong>gas, average speed of particles <strong>increases</strong><br>Anything <strong>moving </strong>has energy in KE store, equal to 1/2mv<span>²</span></p></li></ul>
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11

Relationship of pressure and volume in gas

  • Same fixed amount of gas in bigger container = pressure decrease, due to fewer collisions between gas particles and container walls

  • When volume reduced, particles get more squashed up and hit walls more frequentlylarger force over smaller SA → increased pressure

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12

Relationship of pressure and temp in gas

  • If you heat gas, particles move faster + have more energy in KE stores

  • Increase in energy → particles hit container walls harder and more frequently → larger force → more pressure

  • Temp (in K) and pressure are proportional - double temp of fixed amount of gas = double pressure

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13

Equation: Pressure and Temp for fixed mass of gas at constant volume

Pressure/Temp = Pressure/Temp

p/T = p/T

[Pa]/[K] = [Pa]/[K]

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14

Equation: Pressure and Volume for fixed mass of gas at constant temp

Pressure*Volume = Pressure*Volume

p₁V₁ = p₂V₂

[Pa]*[m³] = [Pa]*[m³]

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