cardiovascular diseases & risk factors (13)

CHD

second leading cause of death in canada

1/5

CHD represents __________ of all deaths in canada

modernization, recent years

CHD is a disease of __________ as it has become more common in __________

atherosclerosis

cause of CHD

atherosclerosis

buildup of plaque on artery walls

oxygen, nutrients

chest pain and heart attack result from lack of __________ and __________

angina

medical name for chest pain

family history, stress, inflammatory processes, metabolic syndrom

4 risk factors for CHD

proinflammatory cytokines

__________ contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries

metabolic syndrome

characterized by 3 or more of the following: obesity around the waist, high BP, low HDL, problems metabolizing sugar, high triglycerides

women

CHD is the leading killer of canadian __________

later, more dangerous

CHD occurs __________ for women, but is __________ when it presents

estrogen, HDL, menopause

CHD occurs later in women because women have higher levels of __________ and __________ before __________

cynical hostility

characterized by suspiciousness, resentment, frequent anger, antagonism, and distrust

men, low SES

2 groups in which cynical hostility is more common

childhood, high conflict family environment

cynical hostility develops in __________ in response to a __________

conflict, social support

cynical hostility leads to more __________ and less __________

cardiovascular reactivity, vasoconstriction, HR, catecholamine, BP, blood vessels, sympathetic, lipids

suppression of hostility leads to higher __________: stress causes __________ and elevates __________; __________ fluctuation alters __________, impacting __________; __________ arousal causes __________ to be distributed into the bloodstream

metabolic syndrome, inflammatory processes

depressive symptoms contribute to __________ and __________

hopelessness

a connection has been found between __________ and heart attacks

angry rumination, social dominance, vital exhaustion

3 other psychosocial risk factors for CHD

vital exhaustion

mental state marked by extreme fatigue, feeling defeated, and enhanced irritability

public health initiatives, individualized interventions, targeting those at risk, windows of vulnerability

4 components of modification of CHD risk-related behaviour

surgery, CCU stay, home treatment

3 initial treatments for CHD

cardiac rehabilitation

process by which those with CHD obtain optimal status

medication, diet and activity interventions, stress management, targeting depression

4 components of cardiac rehabilitation

loss of independence, negative spouse response

social support can help CHD patients recover, but can also lead to __________ and __________

cardiac invalidism

psychological state resulting from a diagnosis of CHD involving the perception that a patient’s abilities and capabilities are lower than they are

hypertension

occurs when the supply of blood through the vessels is excessive, causing persistent pressure

high BP

alias of hypertension

22%

percentage of canadian adults with high blood pressure

120/80

healthy BP

140-159

BP showing mild hypertension

160-179

BP showing moderate hypertension

180+

BP showing severe hypertension

5%

__________(%) of hypertension is caused by failure of the kidneys to regulate BP

90%

percentage of hypertension cases of unknown origin

essential hypertension

name for hypertension without a known cause

50+, minorities, low SES

3 demographic risk factors for hypertension

not enough fruits/veggies, less than 150 min/week of exercise, high salt intake

3 lifestyle risk factors for hypertension

45%, 90%

if one parent has hypertension, offspring have a __________ chance; if both parents have it, the risk increases to __________

NS reactivity

genetic predisposition to high __________ can contribute to hypertension

acculturation

process of adapting and adjusting to a new culture and lifestyle; risk factor for hypertension

asian canadians

demographic at particular high risk for hypertension

drugs, cbt, lifestyle changes

3 treatment methods for hypertension

diuretics, beta-blockers

2 types of drugs used to treat hypertension

low sodium diet, exercise, weight loss, less alcohol and caffeine

4 lifestyle changes to treat hypertension

high non-diagnosis, high non-adherence

2 problems with treating hypertension

stroke

results from a disturbance in blood flow to the brain or by cerebral hemorrhage

stroke

third leading cause of death in canada

40-50k

number of annual hospitalizations due to stroke in canada

transient ischemic attacks

mini strokes

14k

number of deaths due to stroke each year in canada

numbness, confusion, trouble seeing, trouble walking, severe headache

5 warning signs of a stroke

smoking, psychological distress, demographics, genetics, previous stroke, other health conditions

6 stroke risk factors

77%

percentage of canadians who must restrict their activities after a stroke

return to work

some stroke patients will never __________

dependence on others

stroke can lead to increased __________ which can affect social relationships

opposite

motor effects of a stroke are seen on the __________ side of the body from where the stroke occured

communication, intellect, learning, aphasia

cognitive effects of left brain stroke damage: __________ disorders, reduction in __________ and __________ (e.g. __________)

visual feedback, words

cognitive effects of right brain stroke damage: problems with __________ and difficulty understanding __________

anxiety, depression

emotional effects of left brain stroke damage include __________ and __________

indifference, neurological

emotional effects of right brain stroke damage include __________ due to __________ damage

alexithymia

difficulty identifying and describing feelings

alexithymia

possible emotional consequence of a stroke

psychotherapy, cognitive training, neurorehabilitation, environmental enrichment

4 rehabilitation interventions for stroke

neurorehabilitation

helping the brain rebuild and learn new tasks

diabetes

chronic condition resulting from insufficient secretion of insulin or insulin resistance

diabetes

fastest growing health concern in canada

7%, million

__________ of canadians aged 20+ have diagnosed diabetes, while another __________ remain undiagnosed

10%

percentage of diabetes cases that are type 1

type 1

insulin dependent diabetes

type 2

non-insulin dependent diabetes

relatively early

type 1 diabetes develops __________ in life

energy, fats, proteins

type 1 diabetes: the body is attempting to find __________ which prompts it to feed off its own __________ and __________

direct insulin injections

how is type 1 diabetes managed?

immune system

type 1 diabetes: the __________ attacks the pancreas and prevents it from producing insulin

40, upward trend

type 2 diabetes usually develops after age __________; recent __________ in diagnoses in children and adolescents

overweight, 90

the majority of type 2 diabetes patients are __________ (__________%)

men, minorities, low SES, sedentary lifestyle

type 2 diabetes is more common in: (4)

CHD, blindness, kidney failure, NS damage, amputation

5 medical complications that can result from diabetes

EDs, sexual dysfunction, depression

3 psychosocial complications that can result from diabetes

epinephrine, catecholamines, endogenous opioids, stress

diabetes can lead to hyper-responsivity to __________ and higher levels of __________ and __________, impacting the patient’s sensitivity to __________

insulin injections, dietary control, weight control, exercise, self-monitoring

5 components of self-management of diabetes

low

diabetes self-management adherence is __________

education, social support, perceived control/self-efficacy

3 factors that can improve adherence to diabetes self-management

stress management, weight loss, implementation intentions, coping skills training

4 cognitive-behavioural interventions for diabetes

implementation intentions

plans that enhance the translation of goal intentions into action by specifying when, where, and how one will act on a goal, addressing potential obstacles and maximizing the likelihood of achievement