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descriptive statistics
a set of methods used to summarize and describe the main features of a dataset, such as its central tendency, variability, and distribution
frequency distribution
a summary of how often different scores occur within a sample of scores
frequency polygon
a graph depicting a statistical distribution, made up of lines connecting the peaks of adjacent intervals
histogram
a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution
measures of central tendency
a summary measure that attempts to describe a whole set of data with a single value that represents the middle or center of its distribution
mode
the most frequently occurring scores or scores in a distribution
mean
the average of a distribution (total sum of all scores divided by the number of scores)
median
the middle scores in a distribution
positive skew
the mean is greater than the median
negative skew
the median is greater than the mean
measures of variation
statistics that describe the amount of difference and spread in a data set
range
the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
standard deviation
a measure of dispersion that shows the spread of scores around the mean
normal curve
an asymmetrical, bell-shaped curve thought to describe the distribution of many types of data
inferential statistics
provides data from a sample that a researcher studies which enables him to make conclusions about the population
statistical significance
the claim that a result from data generated by testing or experimentation is likely to be attributable to a specific cause
p-value
how likely you got the result by chance (probability)
n
symbol for the total number of cases (participants) in an experiment or study
informed consent
participants must be told enough information to choose whether or not they want to participate
protection from harm
all psychologists have the ethical obligation to ensure that their participants are safe from psychological and physiological harm
confidentiality
the obligation of a research group to keep participant information private
debriefing
the process of explaining the research being done to the participants after the experiment
institutional review board
federally-mandated, locally-administered groups charged with evaluating risks and benefits of human participant research at their institution