PSY100 final exam

We are especially likely to vicariously experience the reinforcing outcomes of those people we perceive as…

similar to ourselves

When a toddler who fears moving cars also becomes afraid of moving trucks and motorcycles, their ________ fear has proven to be adaptive.

generalized

When one monkey sees a second monkey touch four pictures in a certain order to gain a banana, the first monkey learns to imitate that sequence. This best illustrates

observational learning

What conditioning technique have psychologists used to promote personal growth?

counterconditioning

When Aurora makes rewards given to her pet contingent on specific desired behaviors, such as sitting, she is ________ her dog’s behavior.

shaping

Our ancestors learned to avoid foods and situations that made them sick, which helped them survive and leave descendants. This demonstrates that ________ favors traits that aid survival.

natural selection

People learn to associate their putting money in a vending machine and pressing a button with the delivery of a snack. This best illustrates the process underlying

operant conditioning

Operant response rates remain highest when individuals anticipate that their behavior will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustrates the importance of ________ in operant conditioning.

cognitive processes

Our capacity to learn new behaviors that help us cope with our changing world is known as

adaptability

Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning were most clearly valuable because they provided the young discipline of psychology with a model of

scientific methodology

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, the US was

the food

In which form of learning is behavior influenced by its consequences?

operant conditioning

James has tried to teach his cat to sit for food. After his cat performed the trick, the cat went back to ignoring commands and meowing for food. This illustrates

instinctive drift

Which element of credibility, as discussed in class, is the most important?

trust

Kavi likes to play scratch-off lottery tickets and occasionally wins. This is an example of a(n) ________ schedule.

variable-ratio

A learned association between two stimuli is most central to

classical conditioning

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses is a ________ schedule.

variable-ratio

After Tim was scratched by a cat, he became afraid of all cats. He has since been exposed to many non-aggressive cats in safe settings, and his fear of cats has gradually faded. Tim’s diminishing fear of cats best illustrates

extinction

After a long walk to campus in uncomfortable shoes, Deena sits down on a bench and enjoys resting her aching feet. She has a few minutes before class, so she checks her social media feed and feels pleased that many friends have liked her recent post. In this case, sitting down is a ________ and the social media likes are a ________.

primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer

Which of the following is not an element of credibility discussed in class?

believability

When viewing 2500 slides of faces and places for 10 seconds, participants were able to recognize ________ percent of the slides.

90

A lack of conscious memories of your first 4 years of life best illustrates

infantile amnesia

A mnemonic is a

memory aid

After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Harrison is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Harrison is experiencing the effects of

retroactive interference

An iconic memory is a ________ memory.

sensory

False news stories posted on social media can spread and become false memories, demonstrating how false memories can

be socially contagious

Long-term memory refers to

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.

Muhammad remembers everything that has ever happened in his life since he was 5 years old. Unfortunately, having every memory cueing another memory makes life difficult for Muhammad. His experience is called

highly superior autobiographical memory

Previously learned information often makes it easier for us to learn new information. This effect is called

positive transfer

Research on the storage of memory indicates that

our brain distributes the components of a memory across a network of locations.

Smells, tastes, and sights that can evoke a stored memory are called

retrieval cues

The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve

interference

To find out how long our short-term memories last, ________ asked people to remember three-consonant groups. The people were not allowed to rehearse the consonants before testing.

Peterson and Peterson

Which type of memory has an essentially limitless capacity?

long-term memory

Because it happens without our awareness, implicit memory is also called

non declarative memory

By consciously rehearsing in many separate study sessions over the semester the facts you need to learn, you are most clearly taking advantage of

disturbed practice

Conscious rehearsal of what your mother has told you about your family’s ancestry requires

working memory

During her psychology test, Danielle could not remember the meaning of the term*iconic memory*. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared in the middle of a right-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of

automatic processing

During sleep, the brain reorganizes and consolidates information for ________ memory.

long-term

Explicit memory is also known as

declarative memory

A large intelligence test score gap between those who are wealthy and those who are poor can be found in countries with

a large wealth gap between the rich and the poor

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is a(n)

concept

John just spent six months studying abroad in Japan. Based on his experiences, he is more likely to be

creative

Kayla is taking an in-class exam on the material that has been covered thus far in her trigonometry course. When she has to solve an application question, Kayla is most likely to rely on

algorithms

Language refers to the

spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning.

Maria is natively fluent in two languages. Interestingly, her brain processes

both languages in similar areas of the brain

Mentally breaking the sentences they hear into individual words best illustrates an 8-month-old’s developing capacity for

repetitive language

Many people who are bilingual experience a different sense of self depending on which language they are using. This most clearly illustrates the implications of

Gentner’s linguistic relativism theory

Noam Chomsky emphasized that children's ability to pick up language so readily resulted from

their built-in predisposition to learn grammar rules

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*Overconfidence*is defined as the tendency to

underestimate the extent to which our beliefs and judgments are wrong.

Psychologists who study cognition focus on mental activities associated with all of the following EXCEPT

emotions

Research on the language capabilities of apes clearly demonstrates that they have the capacity to

communicate through the use of symbols

Semantics refers to the

rules by which we derive meaning from sounds.

Simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgments efficiently are called

heuristics

The ability to delay immediate pleasures in pursuit of long-range rewards is most clearly a characteristic of

emotional intelligence

The normal curve would represent the distribution of

American women in terms of their physical heights

The smallest distinctive sound unit of language is a

phoneme

As discussed in class, if your goal is to be at the top of your class rank, which of the following strategies is the most effective?

have low performing or intellectually limited class mates

As discussed in class, what is the critical habit that leads to success?

rest, recover, rejuvinate

As discussed in class, which of the following is NOT a creative activity?

a)finance

b)none of the above

c)music

d)art

none of the above

According to David Pakman, in the study discussed, what is the best way to change people's views on vaccines?

nothing working in the test

After several months of picking up her morning coffee at the same cafe, Daria has actually started to feel affection for the gruff, scowling owner. Daria's reaction best illustrates

the mere exposure effect

  According to David Pakman, what beliefs are most resistant to change?

those that impact our day to day lives

According to Lauren Weistein, why can’t the elephant break free?

a belief by the elephant that it can’t break free

According to Philip Fernbach, what makes us susceptible to believing things that are not true?

We don’t know enough to justify almost anything we believe

A CEO who welcomes others’ opinions, encourages subordinates to give her anonymous written feedback on her ideas, and invites experts to critique her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit

groupthink

A culture in which most people obey social norms is considered a ________ culture; a culture in which people adhere to these norms with more variability is considered a ________ culture.

tight; loose

According to social exchange theory, altruistic behavior is guided by

calculations of costs and benefits

Another passenger on a crowded bus accidentally stepped on Ruggero's foot. Research suggests that Ruggero would be most likely to respond aggressively to this incident if he has a

higher-than-average level of testosterone

At the end of his obedience studies, Milgram informed participants of the deception and the real intent of the studies. Virtually none of them regretted taking part in them. The lack of regret may have resulted from their reduced

cognitive dissonance

Blake is the star player on his school’s basketball team. When shooting hoops with friends at the local basketball court, he notices a few members of the rival school’s team watching nearby, and his performance improves significantly. Blake’s improved performance illustrates

social facilitation

By the time 6-year-old Matt was reached the front of the balloon line all the balloons ran out. So, he turned around and angrily popped his younger sister’s balloon. Matt’s action is best explained in terms of

the frustration-aggression principle

Cognitive dissonance theory was proposed by

Leon Festinger

Disparaging or belittling a despised outgroup provides people with a heightened sense of

self-esteem

During the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, hate crimes and incidents of discrimination against Asian Americans rose steeply. This provides a demonstration of

scapegoat theory

Erin, who is 23 years old, would like to find a romantic partner. If she is like 27 percent of Americans in her age group, she may try

an online dating service or app

In one experiment, researchers gave participants money and instructions either to spend it on themselves or to spend it on others. Those assigned to spend it on others subsequently experienced the greatest

happiness

 Aesthetic attraction is .....

interest in physical appearance

When considering the factors of attraction reciprocity refers to

mutual attraction

Physical attractiveness ...

influenced culture

A psychoanalyst tells Sebastian to relax and say whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. The psychoanalyst is using a technique known as

free association

A sense of personal self-worth is called

self-esteem

According to Freud, boys are most likely to experience the Oedipus complex during the ________ stage.

phallic

According to Freud, the need to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive desires comes from the ________, which operates on the ________.

id; pleasure principle

According to Freud, the unconscious is

a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories.

According to trait theorists, ________ are clusters of behavior tendencies that occur together.

factors

After studying people from 50 different cultures, researchers have concluded that the Big Five personality traits

are common across all cultures

Alfred Adler and Karen Horney agreed with Freud on the notion that childhood is important. However, they believed that ________ tensions during this time were important for personality development.

social

As compared with introverts, extraverts show

higher dopamine and dopamine-related neural activity

As people get older, they tend to become more conscientiousness and agreeable and less neurotic. This is referred to as

the maturity principle

At any point during the psychosexual stages of development, strong conflict could ________ the person's pleasure-seeking energies at that stage.

fixate

Because Larry is an introvert, he usually spends weekends in his room studying. Because Georgina is an extravert, she spends most of her time with friends, either just hanging out or going to parties. Larry and Georgina best illustrate what is meant by

reciprocal determinism

Contemporary psychodynamic theorists are most likely to disagree with Freud's assumption that

sexual drives are central to personality development.

Current research has concluded that repression is

rare, even in response to trauma

Don’s refusal to believe the doctor’s evidence that his wife, Phyllis, is suffering from a terminal illness best illustrates

denial

Early humanistic psychologists sometimes assessed personality by

asking people to fill out questionnaires that would evaluate their self-concept.

Elena has always been outgoing and friendly. During her teen years, she had many friends. As a middle-aged adult, she kept her old friends and made new ones. Now that she is in her seventies, Elena will probably score high on the Big Five factor of

extraversion

Freud became interested in unconscious personality dynamics when he noticed that some patients' symptoms

made no neurological sense

Freud believed that the basis of human personality was some form of ________ that needed to be resolved.

conflict

Freud suggested that the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct pleasure-sensitive areas of the body known as

erogenous zones