UPCAT (Science) - Earth Science

Earth

is where we lived in

How many parts is our environment made up of

3

How many % is Land

30%

How many % is Water

70%

What air covers

the whole of earth’s surface

Air

Make the earth habitable for human, plants and animals

What forms is this: Mountain, Valleys, Hills

Landforms

What forms is this: Rivers, lakes, seas

Water forms

Landforms

naturally occurring features that take shape on earth’s surface

Plains

Wide area of land with no hills or mountains

Mountain

landform that rises high above its surroundings that usually steep slopes

Hills

elevated above the surrounding terrain but not large as a mountain

Valley

long, lowland between mountains or hills

Volcano

An opening in the Earth’s crust

Plateau

High land with a flat, wide top

Desert

consisting of sand, gravel, and rocks

Island

areas of land surrounded by water, which can be found in rivers, lakes, or mostly in the ocean

Other term for waterforms

Bodies of Water

Waterforms

any area covered by water

Ocean

found between continentals

Sea

large body of salt water that is connected to the oceans

Lake

surrounded by land

River

stream of water that flows through a channel on the ground

Waterfall

Originates from a high place

Bay

surrounded by land except for the part which connects it to the sea

Mineral

An inorganic, naturally occuring solid that has a definite chemical composition and atomic structure

Inorganic

Not living

Naturally occurring

can’t be man made

Definite chemical composition

unique elementl make up

Orthoclase

potassium felds bar

Rocks

When minerals combine in nature

Igneous

from magma or lava

Sedimentary

from compacted sediments

Metamorphic

exposed to intense heat and pressure

Extrusive igneous rocks

have small or no crystals, could be glassy or vesicular

Intrusive igneous rocks

have large crystals

True or False: The longer the cooling time, the larger the crystal size

True

Sediments

bits and pieces of other rocks

Clastic sedimentary rocks

classified according to sediment size

Crystalline sedimentary rocks

formed from evap or precipitation of minerals in water

Bioplastic sedimentary rocks

formed from the compaction and cementation if organic matter

Fossils

remnants or impressions of ancient organisms that are naturally preserved in stone

Body Fossils

preserve remains of plants & animals

Trace Fossils

records of an animal’s behavior such as footprints

Body fossils and trace fossils together they form

Fossil record

Fossil Record

primary account that tells the story of life on earth through stone

Fossilization

The process of preserving organisms in stone

Most common type of fossilization

Permineralization

Permineralization

changes a specimen

The earth’s surface makes up only a tiny fraction of our planet

Crust

Lies beneath the crust

Tectonics

What lies under the crust

a semi-liquid mantle laver or molten magma

Crust w/ upper mantle

Lithosphere

What is outer core made up of

Iron & Nickle

Inner core stay solid because

Earth’s gravity is so strong the metals cannot melt

What is inner core made up of

Iron

Inner Core

hottest part of the earth

Temperature for Inner Core

994°F

When will earth’s surface is changing

all the time

North American Plate

There are 7 large keyplates and several smaller parts

Lithosphere

Divided into many tectonic plates that are different in shapes and sizes but fit tightly together

All continents together once formed a

Single supercontinent

The supercontinent Pangaea existed

335 million years ago

Plate Tectonics/Continental Drift

Over millions of years the tectonic plates which hold the continent moved around, smashing into each other and then pulling apart

How did the plates manage to move the continents to where they are today

due to convection currents in the Earth's mantle, which are driven by heat from the Earth's interior

What lies under the plates

Astenosphere

Within the earth there is tremendous heat & pressure and this drives slow circular movements within the mantle layer which in turn

Convection currents

Different tectonic plates meet each other at their boundaries

Plate Margins

Constructive (Divergent)

Two plates move away from each other

Destructive (Convergent)

Two plates move toward each other

Conservative (Transform)

Two plates slide against each other

Destructive (Convergent) can form

fold mountains, trenches

Fold mountains, trenches create

Earthquakes

Weather

is the short-term condition of the atmosphere, in a given location

Short-term

describes what’s happening right here, right now

Climate

is the long-term average condition right here, right now

Long-term

what happens during the time of a year

Weather is affected by

Temperature, wind conditions, homidity, cloud cover, precipitation, air pressure

Temperature, wind conditions, homidity, cloud cover, precipitation, air pressure

Constantly changing up and down and together they give your local weather

Climate is affected by

Latitude, proximity to water, mountain ranges, elevation, ocean currents, wind/pressure belts

Climate change

A change in climate patterns attributed largely to the increased levels of carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels

Air

The invisible mixture of gases that surrounds the earth

Components of Air

Nitrogen, oxygen, small amounts of carbon dioxide, argon, and other gases

In air how much (%) is nitrogen

78%

In air how much (%) is oxygen

21%

What lets us breather, helps plants grow and protects us from sun’s harmful rays

Air

% of saltwater in the oceans

96.5%

% of freshwater

2.5%

% of other saline

1%

Under freshwater, what % is glaciers/ice caps

68.7%

Under freshwater, what % is groundwater

30.10%

Where can you get groundwater

Wells

Under freshwater, what % is surface freshwater

1.2%

True or false: surface freshwater is easily accessible

True

Under surface freshwater, what % is ground ice/permafrost

69%

True or false: ground ice/permafrost is currently frozen, not accessible

True

Under surface freshwater, what % is lakes

20.9%

Under surface freshwater, what % is rivers, atmosphere, life, swamps, soil

10.1%

Of all the water on earth, how many percent is accessible surface freshwater

0.03%

Most of human history the primary source of energy

Wood