Make it Stick Chapter 5-6

1. Avoid Illusions of Knowing    * metacognition: monitoring your own thinking    * we are all hardwired to make errors in judgment      * we overestimate our competence      * we are easily misled    * two systems of knowing      * automatic and immediate      * controlled, slower process of conscious analysis    * memory can be distorted      * imagination inflation: believes a vivid imaginary event is actually a memory      * suggestion: the way a question is asked may distort the memory of an event      * interference from other events      * curse of knowledge / hindsight bias: our tendency to underestimate how long it will take to learn something that we’ve already mastered      * accounts that sound familiar can create the feeling of knowing and be mistaken for true      * fluency illusions: tendency to mistake fluency with a text for mastery of its content    * memories are subject to social influence and align with the memories of the people around us      * social contagion of memory      * false consensus effect: humans assume that others share their beliefs    * mental models    * Dunning-Kruger effect: incompetent people overestimate their own competence, so they see no need to improve
2. Get Beyond Learning Styles    * what you tell yourself about your ability plays a part in shaping the ways you learn and perform    * learning styles don’t really exist      * when the instructional style matches the nature of the content, all learners learn better    * fluid intelligence: ability to think abstractly    * crystallized intelligence: one’s accumulated knowledge of the world    * Howard Gardner: there are 8 kinds of intelligence    * Robert Sternberg: analytical, creative, and practical intelligence

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