Comprehensive Overview of Existential, Client-Centered, REBT, and Motivational Interviewing Therapies

What is existentialism?

A philosophy of the human condition that asserts there is no set meaning, and it is our responsibility to find our own.

What are the causes of existential anxiety?

Finding purpose, awareness of death, freedom, and isolation.

How do people manage existential anxiety?

Through defense mechanisms, freedom, and the ultimate responsibility to confront their destiny.

What is the difference between impulsivity and compulsivity in existential therapy?

Impulsivity is acting without thought, while compulsivity is being stuck on a wish to the point of inaction.

What are the three forms of isolation in existential therapy?

Intrapersonal (isolation from oneself), interpersonal (inability to fully connect with others), and existential (the inherent solitude of existence).

What does 'existence precedes essence' mean?

Humans exist before they find meaning in their lives.

What is the ultimate existential concern?

Death, which is considered a core inner conflict.

What is the role of the therapist in existential therapy?

To be a fellow traveler with the patient, helping them search for meaning and confront their existential concerns.

What are the goals of existential therapy?

To understand unconscious conflicts, identify defense mechanisms, and develop healthier coping strategies.

How do existentialists view anxiety?

As an unavoidable part of life that can be managed constructively.

What is the significance of the 'here and now' in existential therapy?

Focusing on the present moment is crucial for understanding current issues and making choices.

What is the distinction between 'can't' and 'won't' in therapy?

'Can't' implies self-doubt, while 'won't' indicates a conscious choice made by the individual.

What is the concept of 'fellow traveler' in therapy?

The idea that both therapist and patient are on a shared journey towards understanding and meaning.

What is the purpose of addressing death in therapy?

To awaken patients to their lived experiences and examine regrets, leading to more meaningful choices.

What are common cultural concerns in existential therapy?

Ultimate concerns are universal, but cultural influences shape individual defenses and coping mechanisms.

Who developed Client Centered Therapy?

Carl Rogers.

What is the third force in psychology?

Humanistic or person-centered therapy, which differs from psychoanalysis and behavioralism.

What was Carl Rogers' approach to therapy?

He emphasized following the client's lead rather than assuming an expert role.

What are the necessary and sufficient conditions for therapy according to Rogers?

Conditions that create a therapeutic environment conducive to client growth and healing.

What is the meaning of 'necessary and sufficient' in therapy?

Necessary means something must be present for an outcome to occur, while sufficient means it is adequate on its own to produce that outcome.

Who is known for the concept of the 'actualizing tendency' in personality theory?

Carl Rogers

What does the term 'organismic valuing process' refer to?

It refers to an individual's internal process of valuing experiences based on personal perceptions rather than external values.

What are the necessary conditions for client-centered therapy?

1) Two people are in psychological contact, 2) The client is in a state of incongruence, 3) The therapist is congruent, 4) The therapist provides unconditional positive regard, 5) The therapist understands the client empathically.

What is the focus of client-centered therapy?

Enhancing the life functioning and self-experience of clients without using techniques, treatment planning, or goal setting.

What is the ABC model in Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)?

A: Activating event, B: Belief about the event, C: Consequence of that belief.

What does 'demandingness' refer to in REBT?

The tendency to impose rigid demands on oneself or others, which can lead to emotional distress.

How does Albert Ellis view the role of culture in irrational thinking?

He believes that irrational thinking is exacerbated by cultural and social influences.

What is the main goal of therapy according to REBT?

To correct demandingness, recognize irrational beliefs, develop high frustration tolerance, and accept reality.

What is the significance of 'accurate empathy' in therapy?

It refers to the therapist's ability to understand and reflect the client's feelings and perceptions accurately.

What does the term 'self-concept' encompass in personality theory?

It is the center of an individual's world, consisting of a consistent yet fluid structure that influences behavior.

What is the role of perception in human behavior according to the discussed theories?

Individuals react to the world based on their perceptions, which they automatically accept as reality.

What does the 'self' represent in Carl Rogers' theory?

The self is an individual's experience and internal frame of reference that shapes their reality.

What is a key principle of the Bio-Psycho-Social model?

It posits that biological, psychological, and social factors interact simultaneously to impact an individual's distress.

What is the significance of the term 'musterbation' in REBT?

It refers to the irrational belief that one must meet certain standards or expectations, leading to distress.

What does Carl Rogers mean by describing himself as 'a walking hug'?

It illustrates his approach to therapy as being comforting and present for clients.

What is the importance of understanding implicit feelings in therapy?

Recognizing implicit feelings helps clarify a client's emotional state and facilitates deeper understanding.

What does 'self-actualization' mean in the context of personality theory?

It refers to the innate tendency of individuals to realize their full potential and capabilities.

What is the therapeutic relationship like in REBT?

It is active, directive, confrontational, and characterized by unconditional acceptance.

How does REBT view emotional problems?

They are seen as a result of irrational interpretations of events rather than the events themselves.

What does the term 'psychological adjustments' refer to?

It refers to how individuals align their experiences with their self-concept and values.

What is the main focus of early research in client-centered therapy?

Identifying predictors of change among individuals with schizophrenia, emphasizing accurate empathy and patient perception.

What is the significance of the 'vicious cycle' in REBT?

It describes how consequences of beliefs can become new activating events, perpetuating emotional distress.

What is the role of the therapist in client-centered therapy?

To provide a supportive environment characterized by empathy, acceptance, and understanding without directing the client.

What is the difference between irrational thought and rational thought?

Irrational thought believes past experiences should indefinitely affect us, while rational thought suggests we can learn from the past without being overly influenced.

How should one respond to situations that are not as desired?

Focus on changing bad situations or accepting them rather than viewing them as horrible.

What is a healthy perspective on personal competence?

Accepting oneself as an imperfect creature rather than striving for complete competence.

What are some unhealthy emotions and their healthy counterparts?

Jealousy → Disappointment, Anxiety → Concern, Rage → Annoyance, Depression → Sadness, Guilt → Regret, Low Frustration Tolerance → Frustration.

What are the optimal characteristics of therapy?

Time and effort, symptom reduction, lasting results, and generalizability.

What does REBT aim to achieve?

It helps clients acquire a more realistic and tolerant philosophy of life using an active-directive approach.

What are some techniques used in REBT?

Role play, humor, unconditional acceptance, and strong disputing.

What are experiential exercises in therapy?

Activities such as taking risks, seeking pleasure, staying in poor circumstances, and taking on hard tasks.

What does the A-B-C-D model in therapy stand for?

Identify Activating event (A), Belief (B), and Consequences (C); Dispute irrational beliefs (D).

What is the goal of changing irrational beliefs?

To dispute and challenge them, demonstrate logical fallacies, and teach realistic thinking.

What are the different treatment modalities in psychotherapy?

Individual therapy, group therapy, workshops, marriage and family therapy, and self-help.

What is the history of Motivational Interviewing (MI)?

Developed by William Miller and Steven Rollnick, initially for working with people with alcohol use disorder.

What is the main focus of Motivational Interviewing?

To elicit patients' own motivations for behavior change through strategic questioning and listening.

What is the significance of ambivalence in MI?

Ambivalence is expected and is addressed through a collaborative approach rather than confrontation.

What are the critical components of motivation according to MI?

Ready (prioritization of change), Willing (importance of change), and Able (confidence for change).

What are the stages of the Transtheoretical model?

Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, and Maintenance.

What is the role of the therapist in MI?

To create a collaborative environment and support the patient's autonomy in the change process.

What is the OARS acronym in MI?

Open-ended questions, Affirmations, Reflections, and Summaries.

How should therapists give advice in MI?

Using the Elicit-Provide-Elicit method: Elicit patient buy-in, provide advice, and elicit the patient's reaction.

What are the mechanisms of psychotherapy?

Client change talk, perceived discrepancy, and decisional balance.

What evidence supports MI?

Strong support for its effectiveness in addiction, health concerns, and treatment adherence.

What cultural considerations are important in psychotherapy?

Understanding cultural beliefs, providing unconditional acceptance, and adapting to cultural differences.

What is the impact of beliefs about change in MI?

Beliefs about change influence the likelihood of change and how it is discussed.

What is the significance of expressing empathy in MI?

It helps to destigmatize the patient's experience and fosters acceptance and reflection.

What does 'roll with resistance' mean in MI?

It means to avoid arguing with the patient and instead work through resistance collaboratively.