Principles of positioning 205

Directional terms are ___ with general terms like cranial, caudal, dorsal, ventral, lateral, medial, proximal, distal

standardized

Cr =

cranial

CD= 

caudal

D=

dorsal

V=

ventral

M=

medial

L=

lateral

Pr=

proximal

Di=

distal

Pl=

plantar

Pa=

palmar

Some directional terms are limb specific, like above the carpus uses ___ ___, and ___, and below carpus is ___ and ___. and similarly for the hind limb and tarsus

cranial, caudal, dorsal, plantar

The order of directional terms depends on the ___ then the ___

entrance, exit

DV goes from ___ to ___

dorsal, ventral

DMPaLO stands for oblique

dorsal medial palmar lateral

PlD stands for

plantar dorsal

When preping a patient for radiographs take into consideration the ___ of the patient like the condition and anxiety due to rotor. The ___ of the patients especially with injured patients, and the ___ should prep before positioning the dog

welfare, comfort, technician

There are three types of restraint for radiographic imaging: ___ which should be avoided if possible, ___ like sedation or anesthesia, and ___ like positioning aids

manual, chemical, mechanical

___ is required for skull and spine radiographs to prevent distortion

anesthesia

When measuring for films use ___ at the thickest areas, and prevent the ___ from wobbling

calipers, arm

When there is a disparity in the measurements of the region being radiographed use ___ films

separate

When taking radiographs a minimum of ___ views

2

Exceptions when only one view is needed: large animals for ___ or ___, or in small animals when there are ___

spine, throrax, contraindications

The region of interest should be ___ to the film

closer

When radiographing a limb the other limb should be included for ___

comparison

With films when shooting limbs with film in some cases cassettes can be ___ but it must be done in the proper ___

split, direction

Beam limiting restricts the amount of ___ and minimizes ___

scatter, exposure

The Beam must be centered over the area of ___, the ___ animal shouldn’t be in there

interest, whole

When radiographing a bone position it should containt a ___ above and below

joint

When radiographing joints it should include a ___ above and below

bone

When radiographing a patient their hair coat should be ___, ___ and not have ___ which can create artifacts

clean, dry matts

If a patient has bandages, it’s best if they’re ___, but if not increase ___ by ___

removed, mAs, 50%

When radiographing horse hooves, it needs to be ___, and packed with ___-___, and their ___ may need to be removed

clean, play-doh, shoes

When radiographing animals their accessories like ___ or ___ may need to be removed

collars, harness

Advantages to positioning aids: It minimizes ___ restraint and therefore decreases ___. It also minimizes ___of the animal

manual, exposure, motion

Positioning aids can include: ___ use spefically ___ for birds, ___ which can be gauze, rope, velcro straps, ___ ___ which some come in wedges, ___, ___.

tape, masking, ties, foam blocks, sandbags, troughs

When using positional aids avoid the area of ___ to prevent it being in the image

interest

When put ing an idetification tag for a flim it should have the ___ information, the ___ identication, ___/___

patient, owner, hospital/doctor

When placing markers on a radiograph on extremities when CC place them on the ___ aspect

lateral

When placing markers for lateral radiographs place the ___ to the interested extermity

cranial

When taking radiographs of the body while VD or DV use the ___ marker with a ___ or ___ marker on the proper side

respective, R, L

When radiographing the body laterally, put a marker for the side that it is ___

down

Artifacts can be caused by improper ___, ___ or ___. They can be an issue as it can ___ disease, ___ disease, or be ___-___

handling, exposure, processing, mimic, mask, non-diagnostic

Types of artifacts: ___ ___, ___ lines, ___ ___, ___ areas, decrease ___, ___ ___

film fog, exposure, black borders, white, detail, grid lines

Exposure line can be due to ___ ___ causing scratches and bends or due to ___ ___

rough handling, static discharge

Black borders can be due to exposure to the ___ bin or ___ leak

flim, box

White areas can be due to ___ material in a casette, spiled ___, ___ damage, ___ during developing, cassette in ___-___

foreign, contrast, screen, scratched, upside-down

decreased detail can be due to ___, ___/___ contact, increased ___-___ distance, decreased ___

motion, screen/film, object-film, SID

Grid lines can occur due to being out of ___, improper ___, or a ___ ___

focus, centering, damaged grid